Outline two perspectives on learning Essay

Classical Conditioning is when behaviour is learned through a stimulus response bond (S_R) This is done by using unconditioned stimuli as well as conditioned stimuli. Simply put this method of behaviourist learning is able to create behaviour that doesn’t normally exist (e.g. salivating at the sound of a bell) this is done through association. For example if a person was to ring a bell right before they fed the dog, the dog would salivate due to the presence of the food. If done enough times, the dog would salivate at the sound of the bell alone, even if no food was present (Pavlov’s experiment) Operant Conditioning is used to shape behaviour that already exists in the learner. This is done through reinforcement whether it be positive (rewarding) negative (taking away a negative trait) or punishment Skinner found that people are more likely to learn a behaviour if they are rewarded after doing it (e.g. praise, gifts etc.)  SLT refers to Bandura’s research, as he believed that people can learn through vicarious learning watching other people doing or not doing as they do. This is done by Modelling, which can mean to make an example of a peer in school, thus showing others how to, or not to act. Humanistic Carl Rogers believed that people learn best when they are given/shown Unconditional positive regard, empathy and genuiness. This looks at learners as human beings with sensitivities and self esteem as opposed to machines which can be programmed (behaviourist) Maslow was another humanistic believers he created the hierarchy of needs, suggesting that the learners needed their basic needs to be satisfied (food safety belingingess) before they can learn and have the desire to explore the â€Å"meta needs† (learning etc.)    Due to the fact that the three perspectives are so different in design, it can be very difficult to say how one method is nomothetically better than another. Each perspective has its own strong and weak points.  The behaviourist perspective is a very affective method of learning as performance levels tend to be at the highest when the techniques of classical, Operant and SLT are applied. However this suggests that people learn only what they show, valuing nothing but the behaviour of the learner. For example the use of Classical Conditioning can create associations which can benefit the learner (e.g. standing up when a governor enters the room) as it can avoid embarrassment however, it can also be considered unethical to use such techniques as learners ten can become unable to control their own actions as the SR bond created put their behaviour in the control of the subconscious therefore using classical conditioning techniques would not be best when trying to teach something of a creative nature (e.g. art, music etc.) as personal control is very important in these subjects Another ethical issue with the use of behaviourist tactics in learning is that the reinforcement can hurt the learner’s self esteem. This can be seen in Operant Conditioning techniques like punishment in that although the behaviour may be shaped to an â€Å"acceptable standard†, the learners would become less motivated to produce work. This can also play a role in bad association between the student and the subject being taught in that they don’t like how the behaviourists teacher treats them, they would learn to dislike the subject as opposed to simply the teacher. The Humanistic view, due to the fact that they value the development of the person more than the acquisition of trivial knowledge, can often very poor exam results within schools. An example of this would be the Summerhill school (Neil) which applied a completely humanistic approach to the workings of the school (e.g. no reinforcement of class attendance, no rules etc.) the results of this experiment showed that with the humanistic perspective, exam results were poor, however follow up studies showed that psychological problems and better stability within alumni Another possible criticism of the humanistic views of Maslow is that there are people who can learn in school very well yet not have all of their basic needs satisfied (e.g. negligent parenting) however it can be said that the higher meta needs would be easier to pursue if the basic needs were provided for the learner. This goes against Maslow’s theory in that the hierarchy of needs can have exceptions based on individual differences (which can be analysed in the Myers Briggs Personality Indicator) Cognitive psychologists believe that all information can be presented in a way that’s best taken on by the learner. However this goes against the theories of Piaget and Ausubel who thought that information was exclusively better if present in certain ways, (bit by bit versus all encompassing respectively) The cognitive approach doesn’t consider the learners as anything but information processors, which can also hurt students self esteem as they are not necessarily regarded as human beings who are valued (Rogers) When it comes down to it each perspective is very helpful to the improvement of learning within children however if used exclusively can cause their own contrasting problems. The best way in my eyes is to create a hybrid of the systems, for example, in regards to dealing with disruptive behaviour a behaviourist system of punishment be most effective, but then followed up with a humanistic debrief, (explaining why being punished) this would allow the student to learn the behaviour as well as maintain or reinforce self esteem.

Importance on Computer in Education Essay

This chapter provides the information that is relevant to the study. It includes foreign and local literature taken from the internet, some studies that were analyzed by the researchers. This chapter also includes some information taken from books, online newspaper and online articles. A. Foreign Literature History The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 allocated money to bring new technology into schools, including computers. In 1975, Apple Computer first donated computers to schools, and by 1981 educational â€Å"drill and practice† programs were developed. By 1996, many schools were rewired for Internet access. Importance of Computer in Primary Schools The use of computer education in both public and private schools provides students with the technology skills required for college. Students in elementary schools begin learning the basics of computer use in kindergarten Computer in primary schools can expose students to additional resource, such as online encyclopedia, dictionaries, government-sponsored educational sites, learning games and online tutoring. In the future, computers will play an even bigger part in the everyday school agenda. Experts predict that the time is coming soon when the teacher will be mainly a facilitator of learning while children sit at computers and complete the majority of their class work, homework and special projects. Uses of Computer in Primary Education Computers are becoming common place in school as aids to learning. Children can work individually or in pairs at a computer. Some schools place computers in the classroom, others locate the computers in computer labs. They are used in reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies instruction. Some programs teach keyboarding. When children use computers to learn mathematics, the computer serves as a tutor, a tool and a tutee. Computers in the classrooms can be used as direct educational tools for online learning or can reinforce previously taught skills. For students struggling with specific skills, there are many games that can be played online to serve as learning interventions. The teacher still guides the process, but it is more student-driven than before. Research * Students in primary school can use computers as sources for reports. Because of online encyclopedias and magazines, children have access to media that may otherwise be unavailable to them. * Elementary school students learn how to use a computer for research, as well as what websites should be trusted for accurate information. Lists of educational sites are often printed out for student use at home, and aid further exploration of interesting subject matter. Educational Games * Children can use computers for learning that is fun. Thousands of websites offer interactive games in all subject areas. These are excellent for reviewing and reinforcing skills the teacher has introduced to primary students. Academic Intervention * Teachers can help students struggling with specific skills by downloading activities and tailoring them to each student’s learning style and level. Computers cannot replace a teacher or tutor, but they can augment their ability to meet the needs of the students. Assessment * Teachers can use computers to provide testing materials for their class. They can access the textbook publishers’ online resources or connect with a community of teachers around the country who share ideas and materials. Class Records * Teachers can maintain student grades, parent contact information and other relevant information through word-processing programs or membership to online record-keeping software at little or no cost. Benefits of Computer in Primary Schools Computers are used in almost every classroom in the country. Some teachers only use email and grade book features, but computers can offer many benefits to teachers and students in primary grades (kindergarten through grade 6). Computers in the classroom are not just there for fun or something for kids to do when their work is finished. Now the computer can supplement the curriculum. The computer becomes a part of the class work. It’s not a substitute for the teacher but a strong assistant. Many children are able to understand concepts when they are presented on a website that relates to their life in some way. Computer-assisted instruction offers teachers and students another avenue to learn the required academic material. Educational computer programs are available online, at computer stores or through textbook companies. Stick with programs that are user-friendly and hold your students’ attention. Make sure the programs are at the correct grade level. Decide if you want the computer program to supplement your lesson, practice basic skills, or assist in teaching a new concept and make sure it does just that. For Students: * Computer-assisted instruction provides differentiated lessons for varied levels of learning, including students with disabilities and gifted students. Students are able to work at their own pace while receiving instant feedback which enables them to self correct before moving on to the next skill. If a student answers incorrectly, the computer programs will provide instructions to assist the student in correcting their work. The programs are interactive and students can work individually or in groups. This allows them to compete with their individual scores or the scores of the students within their group. Students also gain valuable computer skills which will continue to benefit them throughout life. * Students can use digital painting programs to manipulate photos or create icons for classroom charts. Word processing programs can generate crossword puzzles or word searches, and primary school students can create graphs using mathematical data. Using the Internet, primary school students can access photographs of great art, listen to important recordings, research topics for reports and communicate via email * Elementary school students learn how to use a computer for research, as well as what websites should be trusted for accurate information. Lists of educational sites are often printed out for student use at home, and aid further exploration of interesting subject matter. For Teachers: * Teachers are better able to track their students’ strengths and weaknesses through computer-assisted learning. Computer programs can enhance the lessons and allow teachers to pick different levels of a program or different programs altogether for students who may be behind or students who are advanced. When students are learning and actively involved with learning, teachers will have less behavior problems in the classroom which in turn sets up a cycle for more learning to take place. Computer-assisted learning benefits teachers by allowing them to work with small groups of children on a particular skill while the other students in the class are working on their computer program. The nature of the program allows the students to work independently; minimizing distraction to the teacher while she works with the other students. * Primary school teachers can expand lesson plans by incorporating digital resources using computers. Disadvantages Students can become bored and restless if computer programs are overused. Computer programs can evaluate students’ progress on many levels although it is the teacher’s responsibility to make sure students develop critical thinking skills which are essential to solve problems encountered throughout life. Too much time spent learning through computer programs can also reduce time students spend interacting with each other and their teacher. This can result in less time for learning appropriate social skills. Computer-assisted learning can be a great asset to the classroom and curriculum as long as they are not overused. Too much of any mode of teaching can lead to boredom and frustration in the students. Use good judgment and find computer programs that enhance the learning process. B. Local Literature Technology’s Impact on Education Computers and the Internet technology have revolutionized the field of education. The importance of technology in schools cannot be ignored. In fact, with the onset of computers in education, it has become easier for the teachers to render knowledge and for the students to grasp it. Computer technology is used to add a fun-element to education. And it goes without saying that the Internet has endowed education with interactivity. The process of learning in the classroom has significantly become richer as students have access to new and different types of information, can manipulate it on the computer through graphic displays or controlled experiments in ways never before possible, and can communicate their results and conclusions in a variety of media to their teacher, students in the next classroom, or students around the world. The success of technology in the classroom generate impressive results for students, including improved achievement; higher test scores; improved student attitude, enthusiasm, and engagement; richer classroom content; and improved student retention and job placement rates. This is brought about by software that can be used to render information to the students in an interactive manner. The visual effects provided by the animation and presentation software result in inviting greater interest from the students. Tablet Used for Educating Young. MANILA, Philippines — La Salle Green Hills and electronics and digital media leader Samsung Electronics Philippines Corporation (SEPCO), take learning to a higher level as they tied up for the school’s eTextbook/Personal Learning Device (PEARL) project, a pioneering program designed to make use of the â€Å"digital word† as the new vernacular in the classroom. Now in its pilot phase, the project utilizes the latest tablet PC technology from Samsung as â€Å"a Personal Learning Device distinctly driven by digitized curriculum materials. †

Strategic Analysis and Presentation of Business Essay

Strategic Analysis and Presentation of Business - Essay Example The completion of the renovations is expected to increase the current revenue by at least 2% every month over the next year for a total of a 24% increase (Hasan, 2012). Negotiations have also been instigated for the inclusion of gasoline sales at this location. In order to install underground gasoline tanks, gas pumps, and a canopy over the fueling area, half of the current parking lot area would need to be fenced off for construction. While this might interfere with business, the profits earned from this venture could potentially exceed the losses endured during the installation of the necessary equipment. Negotiations between a national oil company and Qwick Stop & Go have discussed who would be responsible for the installation of the underground gasoline tanks, gas pumps, and the canopy. Figure 1: Store Layout and Projected Gasoline Mission, Vision, and Guiding Values Organizations write mission statements to specify the values that will govern day-to-day operations, customer serv ice, and promotion and purpose of the business. Most corporations keep the statement simple for easy reading, understanding, and repetition of values (Radtke, 1998). Teaching employees how to incorporate the expected values in daily actions, while employed, requires training and examples that continually enforce the desired outcome. The mission statement for this business is as follows: Qwick Stop & Go convenience store exists to provide customers with a convenient shopping experience with a selection of quality products, exceptional service, and a clean and friendly neighborhood environment. We are committed to our customers and we will be responsive to their needs and viewpoints as we stock our shelves and interact with the individuals throughout our community (Hasan, 2012). Customers are the backbone of the convenience store industry and without their continued patronage Qwick Stop & Go would not exist. Excellent customer service becomes essential to maintaining current customers and earning the business of new clients. Offering the products that the customers need at a fair price also builds customer loyalty (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, & Strickland III, 2011). External Environment Five external environmental factors will potentially affect Qwick Stop and Go convenience store’s success. The five factors are social, economical, political, technological, and ecological. Each one of these factors can work independently or collectively to support the business. The new owner needs to observe how each factor interacts with the business and take the necessary steps to ensure that each factor is used as a strength or opportunity (Thompson et al. 2011). The social factor relates to the interaction of the customers and the buying patterns they display. Customers who patronize the Qwick Stop & Go have commented that the benefits of gasoline sales would be worth the initial cost to install the equipment. The owner has discussed this idea with many of the regular customers who frequent the convenience store and decided that looking into the possibility of installing gas pumps on the premises may be a strategic move that would benefit all stakeholders. Many families live within a close proximity of the Qwick Stop & Go convenience store and most of them have more than one car per household. Middle class residential housing

The Role of the Manager in Health System Finance Essay

The Role of the Manager in Health System Finance - Essay Example The health system finance department needs a manager who ought to access and manage all funds in healthcare. The institutional and financial needs, in this case, will be available, due to well handling and running of funds. For healthcare institutions, methodologies of gaining funds range from grants, loans to government contracts. The manager in this instance has to come on board to organize all these funding methods. Economic evaluation is also possible with the full involvement of the manager in health system finance. This essay shall attempt to assess the role of the Manager in health system finance. The paper shall also explain the role of purchasers and commissioners in the fair allocation of resources, assess the viability of the use of clinical coding procedures for efficient payment and cost control, and finally evaluate the credibility of employing strategies to manage the effective use of coding systems in health care.  In the work of Smith & Curry (n.d.: 30), the purcha sers and commissioners have a greater role to play in ensuring fair allocation of resources in the healthcare system. In their work, Smith & Curry (n.d.: 30), bring out the concept that commissioning refers to making purchase strategically or rather planning and funding. In the United Kingdom, commissioning is mostly used in the National Health Service (NHS). This entails coming up with decisions that touch on the health requirements of the population and the required services that are required to meet these needs. In this case, the purchasers and commissioners come in handy to check for proper allocation of funds and the necessary resources to deliver full services to the population. On another viewpoint, Davies (2008: 25) indicates that the purchasers and commissioners play the role of monitoring the services that allow fulfill the standards put in place in the healthcare contracts.

Literature Review on Web3D Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Literature Review on Web3D Technology - Essay Example This particular technology is beginning to transform the way that the Internet and various platforms are used and are looking at and are creating a different approach to programming and specific applications (Basanow et al, 65). While Web 3D is providing a specific alternative to technology, there are also questions on how this application will be used with the Internet as well as what the potential will be with the concepts that are being applied. The Web 3D application is not only important to consider in terms of technological components for the Internet, but also becomes essential to understand with responses and the environment that is being created for end – users that are introduced to Web 3D. One of the main Web 3D uses is with Adobe Flash Based programming. Understanding how Web 3D relates to this specific module as well as how it can be improved then provides a stronger understanding of the evolution of the designs used for Web 3D. The scope of this project is to define what Web 3D is and how it is currently being integrated into the Internet. There will also be specific information based on Adobe and how this is creating a specific set of results for those using the Internet. The literature review described will be based on the current trends and specifications of the concept of 3D as well as how this is changing specific concepts in terms of technology. The question that is being raised is one that is based on how this will transfer into the future of the Internet and Web 3D. The different perspectives that have evolved from Web 3D technology have provided insight into the evolution of the technology as well as how it is affecting the Internet. The different concepts that are available are able to show how the specific technology has evolved as well as what the potential options are for the technology to grow and evolve in the future. The importance that is noted in the literature shows that there is the ability for

Prospective strategy for Copyfix Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prospective strategy for Copyfix Inc - Essay Example A lack of communication will also result in management becoming distant from the shop floor, and this is where all the work is carried out. The lack of communication has manifested itself in the management area and the production area. For instance: A look at the organisation chart revealed that the departments were fragmented and isolated from the shop floor. This resulted in the decision making excluding those who knew the processes. This isolation also resulted in inter-departmental conflicts, as each department was not aware of the other's roles and responsibilities, which had led to a series of problems. There are no clear lines of communication between managers with each of them reporting to one individual, and so there really is not much scope for discussion. This organisation is lacking in strategy as decisions are not thought out and rather spontaneous. For instance, a proposal was put forward that 50% of profits go towards shareholders. This figure does seem too high, and there is no mention of any discussion about this issue or where this proposal came from. The main emphasis seems to be on making the shareholders and not on improving products they manufacture. A long term strategy that is focussed is therefore required to help with managing the cash flow problem, as profits have to be diverted to the organisation in the first instance. The lack of a strategy has also resulted in massive quality problems at this organisation, and as a manufacturing organisation, the importance of quality cannot be emphasised (Hall 1987). The organisation is due to pay penalties for environmental standards, as their equipment and production line did not meet the required standards. Whilst this is tied in with strategy, as in value and quality are not built into the process, it is also a communication problem as it has not been addressed and remained undetected. Failure to build in quality will result in financial wastage (Slack et al 1997) which the new executive board are keen to avoid. The previous board also stated that they were old and had been with the organisation for a while and this may have clouded their judgement and affected the organisation. This is a call for new management styles and leadership, and the organisation really needs to look at major changes. The chair of the executive board was rotated on a regular basis and this resulted in an approach to the strategy that was inconsistent as the chair was never stayed in post long enough to see any changes or projects carried through to completion, which impacted on feedback, as the organisation has no way of finding out how well their systems are. The short-term costs also do not build loyalty, trust and are a disincentive to team working (Bartol and Martin 1998). Sales and Marketing This organisation is not maximising its marketing and sales, which is what gets their product sold. The graphs indicate that revenue is evening out, which means it is time to innovate, by either improving the product or introducing a new product (Slack et al 1998). However, this ties in with quality and it is evident that the lack of quality assurance

Interprofessional in Nursing (Mental Health Nursing) Essay

Interprofessional in Nursing (Mental Health Nursing) - Essay Example It is evident that interactions that occur on every day basis must understand the complexities that are associated not only dealing with their colleagues but patients also. Clearly, new initiatives must be taken to understand the gravity of dealing with patients and explores other ideas that can facilitate patient’s recovery and perception about their health. A model that should be developed for nursing students should be simple in order to facilitate the process. It should consist of peer collaboration, discussion, research and testing along with shadowing a medical professional. These steps are vital because they solidify the foundation of core competencies along with remedying deficiencies. Education in health begins with the young generations being more involved in mentoring rather than filling in the blanks of a test. This theory is supported by many scholars as more effective as it enables students to gain a better understanding of the overall approach that occurs. The i ssue of quality in providing these services is just not a mere innovative concept but should be embedded on every medical facility. This methodology itself serves to define and embody the whole depiction of the hospital. In medicine, quality has become a crucial aspect is at enhances the outcomes that are appealing for any individual (Buttell, Hendler, & Daley, 2007, p. 63). Quality is an element that must be prevalent not through lip service but through actions and should be a testament through patient care. The traditional approach that is embedded in delivering customer relations through doctors is under heavy scrutiny. Conducive research proves that social workers, midwives and nurses tend to excel on interpersonal skills while doctors must strive to make a better effort. In a hospital setting, it is clear that Doctors are perceived to have strong leadership along with collaboration skills that makes them highly competent at their profession (Buttell, Hendler, & Daley, 2007, PP. 64-66). Thus, many authors suggest that the difference of knowledge and expertise that doctors possess from their colleagues create a formulation of diverse opinions that are prevalent in their actions. Since each individual has their own set of responsibilities, they also tend to have different notions on how to approach different problems (Buttell, Hendler, & Daley, 2007, p. 65). Since quality tends to be the prevailing matter in all institutions, various elements have been examined to understand this critical issue. First and foremost element that is associated with healthcare is hygiene, Hygiene safety is a crucial element that all doctors practice due to the fact that it dynamically can impact patient’s heath. In many scenarios, it is evident that the patients is injured even though the doctors possess no ill intentions. One can argue that these medical errors are because of medical errors that contribute to this cause in their respective facilities (Buttell, Hendler, & Daley, 2007, pp. 64). Although hygiene safety can be learned through methodology, it is crucial that they acquired safety skills through experience. Applying an ointment or not wrapping the bandage in a precise manner can lead to neglect which in long-run can be detrimental to patient’s health. It is clear that in order for quality to be prevalent in any given facility,

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Business report - Essay Example Likewise, Reebok-CCM Hockey is one of the planet's biggest originators, makers and advertisers of ice hockey gear and identified clothing with two of the planet's most prevalent hockey mark names: Reebok Hockey and CCM. This report provides valuable information about the company’s current Status and future opportunities for improvement (MarketLine, 2013, p.ND). Current Status Leveraging solid mark portfolio to create a vigorous retail foot shaped impression The association is leveraging its marks to create an in number retail presence and increment benefit edges by expanding retail bargains as a rate of aggregate bargains. The association's divide of own-retail has developed significantly and at present Adidas works 2,401 stores for the Adidas and Reebok marks worldwide. So as to guarantee fitting combination and presentation at the purpose of deal, the association either operates its stores itself (own-retail and e-business forms) or works together with its wholesale friends for example mono-marked establishment stores, shop-in-shops, joint steps and co-marked stores. To further improve its retail operations, Adidas has a midway crew which works nearly with the association's business sector conglomerations to drive the exhibition of the Adidas and Reebok retail operations worldwide. With a specific end goal to further develop its retail foot shaped impression, the association plans to open around 100 to 150 Adidas and Rebook stores and rebuild around 180 stores throughout FY2012. Adidas' solid mark portfolio and improved retail presence empower less demanding client review and encourage it to drive topline development and further bolstering accomplish aggressive good fortune over its companions. Keep tabs on exploration and infrastructure has helped ceaseless advancement of new features Adidas gives critical resources and thoughtfulness regarding item growth, process innovation and buyer understanding research to improve items with imaginative and notab le characteristics for its two marks: Adidas and Reebok. Indeed, in demanding the earth, the association kept up its speculation on R&D. Adidas used E115 million ($160.1 million) on R&D in FY2011, an increment of 13% over FY2010 (Borowski, 2011). The Adidas Innovation Team is answerable for the growth of new advances and thoughts in all key item classifications for the Adidas mark. The crew is partitioned into aggregations that concentrate on attire, footwear and fittings, inside which there are single feature centre classifications like ball, football (soccer), American football or cross-class venture regions for example clever items or vigour administration frameworks (padding innovations). Notwithstanding its inward R&D undertakings, Adidas likewise acquires a constrained measure of R&D dexterity from generally made exploration friends, incorporating University of Loughborough (England), the University of Calgary (Canada), the University of Michigan (the US), the University of Er langen-Nuremberg and the University of Freiburg (Germany), and also Waseda University (Tokyo, Japan). This methodology permits a more stupendous adaptability and quicker access to know-how as contrasted with significant time and assets needed if advanced inside the association. Throughout 2011, Adidas likewise banded together with

HR Planning Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

HR Planning Process - Assignment Example One such method is recognized as the personality test (Hill, 2007). This test is used in order to identify whether an applicant’s personality matches the personality that is required for a particular position. For example, a sales person is required to have an extrovert personality in order to easily communicate with other and persuade them to purchase organization’s goods and services. Personality test can even be used by organizations in order to identify whether the incumbent suits the culture of the organization. This will help in ensuring the there is no conflict between the employees and the culture of the organization and the organization operates smoothly. Another method for employee selection that can be used is the job sample test (Hill, 2007). In this test, applicants are required to perform a particular job or a particular part of a job. This selection method is used to ensure that the person being hired knows how to work in the position for which he/she has applied. This will help the organization in attaining the objective of decreased expenditure on training and development that an organization may have to spend to prepare an individual to perform that particular

Is overpopulation a global crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is overpopulation a global crisis - Essay Example Another definition of overpopulation is that it is â€Å"the condition of having a population as dense as to cause environmental deterioration and impaired quality of life or a population crash† (Gonzalez 117). These two definitions of overpopulation seem to have some differences as well as some commonalities. First of all, both definitions are based on the fact that overpopulation is based on the fact that there might be too many people as opposed to resources in a given area. This implies that overpopulation occurs when there are more people in relation to the resources available to them for their survival and livelihoods. On the other hand, the two writers are not in agreement about the scope of globalization. Whilst Pitzl defines globalization in terms of countries or geographical regions, Gonzalez views it as a global matter which has an impact on the natural environment. This means that the first definition localizes the idea of overpopulation whilst the second generatio n looks at it as a global problem or issue. Reasons why Overpopulation is a Global Issue In this world, resources and the natural environment are shared. Instead of having a limited access to natural resources, most resources in the natural environment transcend natural borders. ... This often results in pressure over natural resources, pollution, congestion, unorganized development amongst others. Nagel and Guinness identify that overpopulation can be defined in terms of having a population that is above the normal level that a nation or community can hold (111). The standard level of population that a community's resources can support is known as the optimum population (Nagel and Guinness 111). However, when the population goes above the optimum population, there is an increasing pressure on resources and the living standards of the community would begin to decline. Hence, there would be the non-sustainable use of natural resources, and the over-use of elements of the natural environment. This leads to pressure not only on local resources but on the global ecological balance. This is because when natural resources are put to a use that is beyond the normal, there would be some implications for other resources outside the nation or community. Over population ca uses nations around the world to get concerns. This is because population leads to migration. And if there is migration, nations with optimal populations are also affected and they would have to find ways and means of reducing the flow of migrants into their countries. For example, in the case of China which shares a long border with Russia, there is a major threat to the Russian economy and Russian natural resources if the population of China moves further up. This is because when China's population grows, the pressure on Chinese resources would be so high that a section of the Chinese community would have to leave the country in order to find other resources to survive on. This means that Russia would be

The Ambition and Idealism of Benito Mussolini Essay Example for Free

The Ambition and Idealism of Benito Mussolini Essay The rise and fall of the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Italy during the early half of the twentieth century demonstrate the story of a man’s vision pursued, but eventually doomed. The reign of Mussolini in Italy is one remembered in history as a violent suppression of human rights in name of a ruthless ambition to revive the past glory of Italy and ultimately (re)create an Italian empire (Smith). Born in a small Italian village in the district of Predappio, his beginnings were humble (Roberts, 2006). However, his educated parents gave him an education which broadened his view of the world and led him to be dissatisfied and restless about the opportunities a man like him could have in Predappio. His father, who was a blacksmith, actively participated in Socialist concerns and voiced out his opinion against dubious policies that affected their labor (Roberts, 2006). His mother, who worked as a schoolteacher in a small village for a meager salary, taught the young Benito discipline and focus. He was educated in a strict Catholic school which proved to be unsuitable for him because of his restlessness, inclination to rebellion and uncontrolled and violent temper (Haugen, 2007). After transferring to a different school, Mussolini blossomed into his adolescence with a great aptitude and flair for writing and oration. He became interested in politics, poetry and literature. Around 1902, he attempted to work as a schoolteacher but failed miserably at it, so he decided to migrate to Switzerland to find opportunity and also to escape the military draft during that time in Italy (Roberts, 2006). Upon his return to Italy in 1904 and the subsequent pardon of all draft dodgers in exchange for their enlistment in the army, Mussolini realized that his future was in the country of his birth (Roberts, 2006). His appetite for adventure, socialism, journalism and politics landed him an editorial job in Trent near the Italian-Austrian border where he asserted and promoted his Socialist beliefs. He also trumpeted the pride of being Italian and spoke about the â€Å"Latin genius and courage† (Roberts, 2006, 19). After being evicted from that district because of its anti-socialists sentiments, he moved to Forli near his birthplace to work for a socialist newspaper and engaged himself in more political work (â€Å"Benito Mussolini†). It was in Forli where he was elected as the secretary for the Socialists. His popularity grew as he became more voracious in his writings and speeches. He drew support from his radical decisions such as the strike he organized in Forli which resulted to his imprisonment (â€Å"Benito Mussolini†). When World Ward I broke out, Mussolini opposed the participation of Italy claiming that he would only support class war and threatened a proletariat revolution if Italy continued their support (Smith). But, he retracted soon after and encouraged young men to enlist; this decision resulted in his expulsion from the Socialist party (â€Å"Benito Mussolini†). He formed the Fascist party through the establishment of a pro-war group called Fasci dAzione Rivoluzionaria (Smith). However, Mussolini failed to secure the seats he needed in senate to gain power and control. After the breakdown of a weak alliance with the dominant party Popolare, Mussolini decided that he won’t win the seats democratically, so he staged a siege in Rome which ended in the invitation of the king for him to build a new government (Smith). It was at this point as the head of the National Fascist Party that he established himself as dictator, Il Duce (â€Å"Mussolini†). From that point on he would demand blind trust from the people after insisting through propaganda that he was after all their â€Å"infallible, irreplaceable duce† (Griffin, 2000, 31). As a dictator, Mussolini knew that absolute control was key in ensuring the attainment of his goals. He formed a powerful military force and a secret police to vanquish insubordination (â€Å"Mussolini†). He converted the state economy into â€Å"corporate state† wherein all Italians in professional organizations were put in corporations controlled by the central government (â€Å"Mussolini,† Smith). Propaganda was crucial in Mussolini’s career as dictator. He spent considerable time in planning and propagating his ideas through the press, films and school books (Smith). His training as a journalist and orator helped him broadcast his imperial ideas. To proselytize younger generation, he banned history books in school and indoctrinated them with the tenets of fascism (â€Å"Benito Mussolini†). Under his rule, he abolished the parliament and rewrote the laws to ensure the loyalty of every citizen to the Fascist party (Smith). He tempered his ruthlessness with popular decisions such as the approval of Vatican’s independence. However, the people’s support to him started to wane as he made erratic, unplanned and senseless military and political decisions. In an effort to expand Italy’s territory, he waged war in Ethiopia; this was met with worldwide protest (â€Å"Mussolini†). After the League of Nations condemned his imperialist decisions, he forged allegiance with the Nazi party although he previously opposed Hitler because of Mussolini’s fear of losing Austria to the Germans. His allegiance to the Nazi marked the beginning of his gradual downfall as he supported the World War waged by Hitler (â€Å"Benito Mussolini†). Further, he spread anti-semitism in Italy which Lindemann (2007, 1) pertains to as an â€Å"opportunistic, unsystematic and unprincipled† decision. As the Allied powers encroached German territories, Italy’s weak military force gave in to the pressure of defeat. Mussolini sought refuge under the German forces and attempted to escape to Switzerland. However, anti-Fascist rebels seized their vehicle and got custody of Mussolini and twelve other Fascist party officials (Smith). They were summarily executed and their corpses were hung in public where the people ridiculed and mocked their dead bodies. The ambition for power and control and its inevitable disintegration ended the twenty year reign of Mussolini in Italy. Some historians claim that with the way Mussolini ruled Italy, it is doubtful whether he has as much idealism in him as his speech and propaganda portrayed (Griffin 2000). Whether it his idealism or his ambition which motivated his decisions, the scars of his dictatorial rule in Italy will remain in history as one of the deplorable outcomes of fascist dictatorial rule. References â€Å"Benito Mussolini. † (2008). ThinkQuest Library. Retrieved 30 January 2009 from http://library. thinkquest. org/17120/data/bios/mussolini/ Griffin, R. (2000). How fascist was Mussolini. New Perspective 9. 1 pp. 31-35. Haugen, B. (2007). Benito Mussolini: Fascist italian dictator. Minneapolis, Minn. : Compass Point Books Lindemann, A. (2007) Benito Mussolini. UCSB History Department. Retrieved 30 January 2009 from http://www. history. ucsb. edu/syllabi/spring07/Lindemann/Mussolini2. pdf â€Å"Mussolini, Benito Amicare Andrea† (1999). Who’s Who in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. Oxford Reference Online. Retrieved 30 January 2009 from http://www. oxfordreference. com/views/ENTRY. html? subview=Mainentry=t47. e1187 Roberts, J. (2006). Benito Mussolini. Minneapolis: Lerner Publishing. Smith, D. M. Benito Mussolini. Groiler Online. Retrieved 30 January 2009 from http://www. grolier. com/wwii/wwii_mussolini. html

Gatsby Automobile Essay Essay Example for Free

Gatsby Automobile Essay Essay There are many different themes, images, and symbols in Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby that render great importance to the development of the story. One particular image and symbol seen throughout Fitzgerald’s novel that acts as a major contributor to the plot is the automobile. The image of the automobile can be seen in relation with any of the characters in the novel who involve themselves in with driving an automobile or even simply talking about an automobile. Two characters in the novel that Fitzgerald uses to portray the images and symbols of the automobile are Tom Buchannan and Jay Gatsby. These two automobile owners are created into the strongest conductors of Fitzgerald’s imagery and symbolism throughout the novel. The automobile can be seen as representing a few different types of images and symbols. A possible symbol of the automobile may stand for the respective automobile owner’s status in society. Almost all automobiles in the nineteen-twenties were black and just about as plain as could be. These black automobiles were owned by all those who could just barely afford an automobile, to those who were average, middle class people, to the extremely wealthy who could easily afford three or four automobiles. What makes this piece of history so important is the fact that Fitzgerald gives both Tom and Gatsby brightly colored automobiles. The personalities of these two characters effortlessly magnifies the showiness and in Gatsby’s case, gaudiness. Gatsby’s absolutely obnoxious Rolls Royce is â€Å"a rich cream color, bright with nickel, swollen here and there in its monstrous length with triumphant hat-boxes and supper-boxes and tool-boxes, and terraced with a labyrinth of windshields that mirrored a dozen suns. † No one in the nineteen-twenties had such an untasteful looking automobile that Gatsby. One obvious and straightforward possible explanation for Gatsby’s hideous automobile is that he wants to show off his wealth, status, and â€Å"success† in his many trades. Another not so obvious reason for this hideous yellow automobile could be an image produced by Fitzgerald to try to illustrate Gatsby’s need to reach out and grasp Daisy’s attention. Unfortunately, because Gatsby was formerly a much lower class man, living on a farm out west with his family, his wealth and riches cannot buy him any class or style. A very similar situation can be seen with Tom Buchannan and his automobiles. He too, is very showy and flashy in his actions to show the world his possessions. Tom, like Gatsby, has an unusual colored car. This blue automobile is a symbol of wealth, status, and riches, just like Gatsby, but it can represent another image. Every single time Tom heads over to Wilson’s Garage for some gas or to see Myrtle, Wilson asks Tom about purchasing his old automobile. Tom plainly and seemingly without thinking puts the topic off to the side as if it wasn’t important and he didn’t want to talk about it. Sadly for Wilson, the automobile in a sense symbolizes Myrtle. Tom pushes the car aside as if it didn’t matter much at all to him, just like he uses Myrtle and makes all those empty promises to her about trying to divorce Daisy and being together forever. The images and symbols throughout The Great Gatsby create many dimensions to such a superb plot and character development. These amazing images set up by Fitzgerald give the novel a complete feel of full development. Fitzgerald ties in all the different elements of the story by using the one simple entity of the automobile.

Rio Antirio Bridge And Millau Viaduct Engineering Essay

Rio Antirio Bridge And Millau Viaduct Engineering Essay Rio-Antirio bridge, the worlds longest suspension bridge, connecting Western Peloponnese with mainland Greece, 1998-2004 Millau viaduct. Millau, france, 1993-2004 Comparison: The two bridges are both phenomenal suspensions bridges in their locations. With taking into account the location of these two bridges, both bridges, Both are considered to be an architectural and engineering marvels. Concrete plays an important role in the construction of suspension bridges. There will be massive foundations, usually embedded in the ground. There are abutments, providing the vital strength and ability to resist the enormous forces. They both have exceptionally large dimensions and resistance to huge forces such as wind in Viaduct case and wave, wind, earthquake and many other natural forces, in Rio-Antirion case. Both bridges were constructed in a limited time constraint and both where successfully delivered on time. The construction was a good opportunity for both countries to create jobs as well as profiting financially and economically from the structures. These two similar structures where created in two different locations, Rio-Antirio bridge in Greece was created over the gulf of Corinth, whilst the Millau viaduct Bridge in France was created over the valley of the river tarn. Both bridges are very long thus the engineers decided to use suspension bridges. They both started construction at about same time. Rio-Antirion in Greece was constructed by a French company, where as Millau-Viaduct in south of France and constructed by a British company. Here are the differences and similarities of the two bridges in case of construction, economical, and many other aspects. Rio-Antirion Bridge: After 5 years of construction the Rio-Anitirio bridge was opened to traffic on 7th of August 2004 The Rio-Antirio bridge was constructed in Greece by a French company, Vinci. Greece needed the construction to be finished before the 2004 Olympics, which was not enough time for most of the construction companies. Also to make the matter worse the bridge had to be constructed on a river, meaning it had to have a high strength to resist the strong tides and earthquakes, as the location of this bridge is extremely prone to earthquakes and tide waves. C:UsersRaminDesktopPhocisS1.gif The Greek government set the French company a fixed price and time to do the job as there was no time for a mistake, Considering these entire situation the French company still decided to go ahead and take the project. If the bridge was not ready by the deadline the French company had to pay a fine as well as the expenses for the construction from that point onwards. The bridge meant much easier and faster transportation for Greek people as it connects the two major cities of Antirio and Rio together (Antirio and Rio, hence the name). In addition, it would be a valuable income for the Greek government economics. As it was close to 2004 Olympics which supposed to take place in Greek. Also because of the transport problem in that location a lot of people will be using the bridge, which meant they have to pay (cars: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬11.70, motorcycles: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1.80, coaches: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬26.20-à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬56.50 and trucks à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬17.30- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬38.00). As the bridge connects Rio to Antirio which is in mainland Greece, thus connecting with the rest of Europe. The only means of transport between these two lands was by using ferry or via the isthmus of Corinth at its extreme east end, therefore this bridge was really important for the Greek transportation. The bridge reduces travel time across the straight from 45 minutes via fe rry to less than 5 minutes. Bridge construction: The Rio Antirio Bridges pylons are made from reinforced concrete and pylon legs range from 25m to 45m above sea level. Seabed reinforcement was achieved by using inclusions, which are 2 m diameter hollow steel pipes 25 m to 30 m long. 200 pipes were driven in to the seabed by a crane on a tension leg platform, which was installed at every pier location; this was topped with a 3 m thick, levelled gravel layer. A cone with a diameter of 38 m formed the lower part of the pier.5 The bridge is counted as one of the tallest and longest bridges as it consist of five cable stayed spans and four columns, the longest span is 560 meters. The bridge is 2880 meters long with a width of 27.2 meters across. The towers, particularly their foundations, are the real technical achievement of this project. The seabed on which the foundations rest was specially prepared in order to eliminate the effects of earthquakes. The bridge consists of 6 lanes, 2 lane on each side, 2 emergency on each side as well as a pedestrian and bicycle lane .The total cost of the bridge was about à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 630,000,000, funded by Greek state funds, backed by loans from the European Investment Bank. During the construction, the French company decided to create a suspension bridge, as the distance was to great for any other type of bridge. They had problems before and during construction, such as; the site had difficulties including deep water, insecure materials for foundations, seismic activity, the probability of tsunamis, and the expansion of the Gulf of Corinth due to plate tectonics so this bridge is counted as one of engineers masterpiece. One of the major problems during the construction was, whiles installing a column the tides where too strong and placed the pile in the wrong position. As the company had no time to remove the column and replace it again as it was too heavy, it would cost them much more that they had planned so the engineers decided to move the whole process by the distance misplaced. C:UsersRaminDesktopRioAntirioBridge1.jpg The piers of the Rio-Antirio Bridge can slide on their gravel beds to accommodate tectonic movement. Engineering feats As the results of these problems, the engineers had to come up with a solution that is both strong and also flexible during earthquakes. The water depth reaches 65 m, the seabed is mostly of loose sediment, the seismic activity and possibility of tectonic movement is significant, and the Gulf of Corinth is expanding at a rate of about 30 mm a year. For these reasons, special construction techniques were applied. The piers are not buried into the seabed, but rather rest on a bed of gravel, which was meticulously levelled to an even surface (a difficult attempt at this depth). During an earthquake, the piers should be allowed to move laterally on the seabed with the gravel bed absorbing the energy. The bridge parts are connected to the pylons using jacks and dampers to absorb movement; too rigid a connection would cause the bridge structure to fail in the event of an earthquake. It was also important that the bridge not have too much lateral leeway either so as not to damage the piers. There is provision for the gradual expansion of the strait over the bridges lifetime.1*. As result of the bridges enormous size and the risk this carries a yearly maintenance is need to be carried out to ensure the safety of the users. On January 28th 2005, only six months after the opening of the bridge, as the result of a failure in one of the cables the bridge had to be closed to the public. As there where 4 more cables supporting this section of the bridge minimum damage was caused to the bridges core structure. For health and safety there are more than 100 sensors installed on the bridges, which provides 24/7 surveillance of the structure.(JPG) *-refer to reference 1. Millau- Viaduct bridge This bridge was constructed from 1993 to 2004 in southern France. Linking France and Spain by constructing a motor way over the River Tarn. The bridge has been constructed on a 2 km valley divided in two by River Tarn. An English company foster constructed this bridge. The milau viaduct bridge not only has a dramatic sihoutte, but crucially, it also makes the minimum intervention in the landscape. Lit at night, it traces a slender ribbon of light across the valley. Foster partners 2004. Viaduc de Millau is the chosen solution for taking the A75 motorway from Clermont-Ferraud south to Beziers. This is cheaper than the alternative of tunnelling through the hills flanking the river, and will shorten the journey by 100 km and by up to 4 hours in the holiday season, as well as removing much traffic pollution caused by continual traffic jams for local inhabitants in Millau. The government makes money by charging the vehicles using the bridge. The Milau Viaduct Bridge is also being used for extreme sports such as base jumping and repelling. Also is very economical as it saves a lot of time and avoids traffics. The construction process involved approximately five hundred workers working simultaneously on the project, which means it was a good opportunity for France to create many jobs. C:UsersRaminDesktopviaduc_situation_c_2.jpg ` This project was proposed by the owners Compagnie Eiffage du Millau Viaduct (CEVM) and the client SETEC to cross the Tarn gorges by a viaduct/ road bridge. All designs had to satisfy the design brief, but Fosters knew that this bridge posed several novel problems. Tests revealed problems for drivers on such a high, long and thin structure with just two lanes either sides. The bridge is 343 m high and is a multi cable-stayed structure with slender piers and a very light deck, touching the valley at only seven points. It was decided to design a multi cable-stayed bridge (2460 m long) because Lord Foster wanted the bridge to look as transparent and lightweight as possible to reduce cost, but also to attempt to minimise the effect of the structure in its environment as well as reducing wind loadings. The solution was to incline the bridge by 3% to improve road visibility, and to make the whole structure curved to lessen the sensation of floating, even though this would increase the length of the bridge to 2.5 km and add to the cost. To prevent drivers from the distraction of the beautiful scenery, the hard shoulder on both sides was increased in width to three metres. Emergency phones were designed for every 500 metres along the full length on each side.Millau1 Viaduc de Millau The construction consists of: The deck- steels of grade S355 and S460 The piers- reinforcement concrete The cables-steels of grade S355 and S460 The abutments- reinforcement concrete The pylons- steels of grade S355 and S460 (the concrete was used more for its high durability as this bridge is estimated to last 120 years, rather than its high mechanical resistance.) Construction: The structure is continues along its eight cable spans. The two spans at each sides are 204m and the six spans in middle are 342m each. The bridge has 2 lanes and an emergency line at each side. The construction method was beneficial. The factory pre-production of certain parts of the deck reduced the volume of material that had to be worked on on-site, something which never would have been possible with an all-concrete structure. Less equipment, less construction material, fewer trucks going back and forth clogging up traffic in all it added up to less disturbance to the life of the local population. The Millau Viaduct was described by Lord Foster as his sculpture in the landscape.The whole thing looks impossibly delicate, Foster said in a telephone interview. This bridge is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the France because of the exceptional dimensions and the natural grandeur of the Aveyronnais landscape. C:UsersRaminDesktopviaduc_c.jpg The deck consists of a trapezoidal profiled metal box girder and to ensure resistance to fatigue a thickness of 14 mm has been used for the whole length of the structure. The deck was designed prefabricated which speeds the process and also is environmentally friendly as it uses much less landscape during construction. The decks are supported by multi-span cables which are constructed from steel too. There are eleven pairs of cables, which support each span. The cable anchors are adjustable at the deck end and fixed on the pylons. C:UsersRaminDesktopmillaudiag1.jpg To install the deck successfully, seven temporary piers were needed. These temporary piers consist of a metal framework in the form of K. The top of each temporary pier is fitted with metal trimmer to receive the beginning supports, known as translators. The highest temporary pier was 173 m high. The entire cost of creating this bridge was 320 million Euros. The bridge consists of eighteen cameras located at various locations on the bridge to ensure the bridge safety 24 hours a day. The cameras are connected to computers to monitor the bridge for traffic, wind loads and any damages that may happen to the bridge.C:UsersRaminDesktop4.jpg The viaduct was ensured to have: Specially designed safety barriers that can withstand impact from heavy lorries. Transparent windbreak screens 3 m. high to limit the effect of the wind on vehicles. Emergency lanes 3 metres wide. Emergency phones every 500 metres. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Rio-Antirion is longer than Millau-Viaduct; however, Millau-Viaduct is considerably higher than Rio-Antirion. The Rio-Antirion is cost approximately double Millau-Viaduct. The environment on which Rio-Antirion was build on can justify this. As more time need to be spend reinforcing the seabed on which Rio-antirion was being build on. Millau-Viaduct is much more environmentally friendly than Rio-Antirion. Both bridges meant an easier and faster way to travel that saves a lot of time. As well as reducing the traffic load on other means of travelling the same distance. Both bridges have similar structure but constructed in different methods. Rio-Antirion was constructed separately on each pier and then reaches to each other. However, Millau-Viaduct was constructed from both ends and reach together in the middle. Each of this methods where chosen as it best suite the environment on which the each bridge was being build on. The Millau-Viaduct was prefabricated in the factory to ensure limited landscaped is used on the site, thus environmentally friendly. Rio-Antirion was constructed much quicker than Millau-Viaduct hence explains the costs. In addition, Rio-Antirion had alot more problems in terms of site location than Millau-Viaduct in case of engineering. Rio-Antirion was constructed completely in water, which increases the expenses as engineers needed to use a specially designed ship to transport the ready made piers to their specific location. The ship had to be hired from another country as the piers were very huge and heavy and Greece did not have any ship capable of handling the weight of the piers.

William Shakespeares Othello as a Classic Tragic Hero Essay -- GCSE C

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Simply defined, a tragedy always entails the downfall of the protagonist. As a common standard in tragedy, the protagonist, or "tragic hero" is of high standing who is faced with some opposing force whether internal or external. "Tragedy is the imitation of an action; and an action implies personal agents, who necessarily possess certain distinctive qualities both of character and thought; for it is by these that we qualify actions themselves, and these- thought and character- are the two natural causes from which actions spring, and on actions, again all success or failure depends...." This excerpt from Aristotle's Poetics illustrates an aspect of tragedy upon which many works, including Shakespeare's Othello, are based. In Poetics, Aristotle expresses the writer's obligation to create what is known as a "tragic hero" in all forms of tragedy. He further explains that this persona must be dominated by a "hamartia" or tragic flaw which leads to his downfall. Prevalently in Othello, the protagonist, Othello, can be seen as a classic tragic hero who is opposed by the strong force of his innate naivetà © and over-trust as flaws in his otherwise virtuous character. Through the rapid development of the play, we see Othello's character disintegrate as a result of his growing jealousy and are finally stricken by a powerful catharsis where despite his wrongdoing, the reader feels pity for Othello and his mis... ...ty of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. ?The Engaging Qualities of Othello.? Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957

Plato :: essays research papers

Plato was a philosopher who was born in Athens (470- 390 BCE), and was also a student of Socrates. He felt that intelligence and one’s perception belonged to completely independent realms or realties. He believed that general concepts of knowledge were predestined, or placed in the soul before birth even occurred in living things. Plato believed that the cosmos was intelligible, and that the universe was mathematically understandable. He believed that mathematical objects could be seen as perfect forms. Forms, a doctoral of Plato, can be understood as an everyday object or idea, which does not exist in the everyday realm, but merely are existent in the hypothetical realm or reality. Plato believed that truths existed outside the boundaries of our realm, interestingly enough. He was highly influenced by Socrates, and inherited the idea of absolute truths and standards of knowledge. Geometric shapes correspond to the mental world, a universe that exists co-temporarily with the material universe. Material objects are copies of mathematical knowledge and our mind gives us knowledge of ideas. In addition, our sensory gives us knowledge of the material world, what we can feel see or smell. Regarding the sensible world, one that is perceptible by the senses or by the mind, is in direct relation with his doctoral of dualism. Dualism can be seen as the view that the world consists of as two fundamental entities, such as mind and matter, physics and nature. In the intelligible world, things fundamentally consist of as being apprehended by the intellect alone. Regarding sensory objects, he believed that they were in constant change and furthermore were a phenomenon of the physical world; hence they cannot be identified with knowledge.

Charlie as the Victim of Circumstance in F. Scott Fitzgeralds Babylon

Charlie as the Victim of Circumstance in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Babylon Revisited The story's protagonist, Charlie Wales, is less a victim of bad luck than of circumstance, both socio-economic and personal. Charlie does not deserve Marion's continued denial of custody of his daughter, but the story is less about what Charlie does or does not deserve than how easily one's life can spin out of control due to unforeseen circumstance. Marion and Charlie dislike each other on a visceral level. Marion's feelings are not solely caused by Charlie's alcoholism and past behavior. She focuses upon Charlie a hatred borne of her resentment of her family's financial situation, as evidenced by Lincoln's comment to Charlie over lunch: "I think Marion felt there was some kind of injustice to it-you not even working toward the end, and getting richer and richer." (p. 15) Her hatred is also fueled by her physical illness and her unfounded belief that Helen's marriage to Charlie was not happy. When Charlie locked Helen out during a snowstorm and Helen later became ill from exposure, Marion felt ...

Industrial Attachment

| | | About Us  |  HREA News  |  E-Learning | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Study Guides | | | Home > Learning Centre > Study Guides > Persons with disabilities | | | | | | | | | Human rights of persons with disabilities| | | | | | Introduction Rights at Stake International and Regional Instruments of Protection and Promotion National Protection and Service Agencies Advocacy, Educational and Training Materials Other ResourcesIntroductionDisability and persons with disabilities Persons with disabilities are entitled to exercise their civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights on an equal basis with others.Disability â€Å"summarizes a great number of different functional limitations occurring in any population in any country of the world. People may be disabled by physical, intellectual or sensory impairment, medical conditions or mental illness. Such impairments, conditions or illnesses may be permanent or transitory in nature. † (Standard Rules on the Eq ualization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities). Different expressions are used when referring to persons with disabilities. For example, the term â€Å"differently-abled persons† indicates that disability is not perceived as a deviation from the norm.The term â€Å"disabled persons† might be misinterpreted to imply that the ability of the individual to function as a person has been disabled. This guide uses the term â€Å"persons with disabilities†, which is consistent with the language used by the United Nations (UN). The UN estimates that there are 500 million persons with disabilities in the world today. This number is increasing every year due to factors such as war and destruction, unhealthy living conditions, or the absence of knowledge about disability, its causes, prevention and treatment.The majority of persons with disabilities live in less developed countries where people lack access to essential services such as health care. Moreover, the re exists a clear relationship between poverty and disability. The risk of impairment is greater for a family that lives in poverty, while and at the same time, a disabled family member places higher demands on the family's resources. Among persons with disabilities, the following form particularly vulnerable groups that face discrimination based on two grounds: women, children, elders, victims of torture, refugees and displaced persons, and migrant workers.For instance, women with a disability are discriminated against because of their gender and also because of their disability. Development of disability policy The work of the UN constitutes the most important actions taken by an international organization in the area of disability. Based on the International Bill of Rights, the UN formulated the first specific document regarding disabilities in 1971 in the Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons. Important other documents followed but none of them are legally bindi ng.The 1980s mark the main phase of activity regarding establishing international norms pertaining to persons with disabilities. In 1981, the General Assembly declared the first International Year of Disabled Persons. It was followed by the World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons in 1982 and the Decade of Disabled Persons 1983-1992. Throughout the 1990s all UN conferences dealt with disability rights and addressed the need for protective instruments (World Conference on Human Rights 1993, Fourth World Conference on Women 1995, Habitat II 1996).At present, the Ad Hoc Committee on Disabilities is involved in a process to create a convention that protects disabled persons on an international level. A high level of awareness is also demonstrated by the European Union, the year 2003 was declared as the European Year of People with Disabilities. Other important regional observances include the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002), the African Decade of Di sabled People (2000-2009), and the Arab Decade of Disabled Persons (2003-2012). Back to Top] Rights at StakePersons with disabilities suffer from discrimination based on society's prejudice and ignorance. In addition, they often do not enjoy the same opportunities as other people because of the lack of access to essential services. International human rights law determines that every person has:1. The right of equality before law 2. The right to non discrimination 3. The right to equal opportunity 4. The right to independent living 5. The right to full integration 6.The right to securityPolicy regarding disabilities is often dominated by the notion of â€Å"equalization of opportunities†, which means that society must employ its resources in such a way that every individual, including persons with disabilities, has an equal opportunity to participate in society. [Back to Top]   International and Regional Instruments for Protection and PromotionInternational legal instrument s take the form of a treaty (also called agreement, convention, or protocol) that binds the contracting states to the negotiated terms.When negotiations are completed, the text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive and is â€Å"signed† by the representatives of states. A state can agree to be bound to a treaty in various ways. The most common are ratification or accession. A new treaty is ratified by those states that have negotiated the instrument. A state that has not participated in the negotiations may, at a later stage, accede to the treaty. The treaty enters into force, or becomes valid, when a pre-determined number of states have ratified or acceded to the treaty.When a state ratifies or accedes to a treaty, that state may make reservations to one or more articles of the treaty, unless reservations are prohibited by the treaty. Reservations may normally be withdrawn at any time. In some countries, international treaties take precedence over national la w; in others a specific law may be required to give a ratified international treaty the force of a national law. Practically all states that have ratified or acceded to an international treaty must issue decrees, change existing laws, or introduce new legislation in order for the treaty to be fully effective on the national territory.The binding treaties can be used to force governments to respect the treaty provisions that are relevant for the human rights of persons with disabilities. The non-binding instruments, such as declarations and resolutions, can be used in relevant situations to embarrass governments by negative public exposure; governments who care about their international image may consequently adapt their policies. The following international instruments protect the rights of persons with disabilities.They mainly focus on protecting disabled persons from discrimination and creating equal opportunities for them to participate in society:UNITED NATIONSUniversal Declarat ion of Human Rights (1948) (article 3, 21, 23, 25) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948 and provides human rights standards accepted by all member states. The UDHR represents the normative basis that led to formulating the standards concerning persons with disabilities that exist today.In Article 25 (1) the UDHR specifically mentions the socio-economic rights of people with disabilities: the right to an adequate standard of living, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age. Article 7 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection by the law for all people, including against discrimination. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) (article 26) This treaty lists several rights that are relevant to disability.Article 26 states that all people are equal befo re the law and have the right to equal protection of the law. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) (article 2) The Covenant does not explicit refer to disability. However, disability can be included under â€Å"other status† in article 2 (2), which calls for non-discrimination on any grounds such as race and color, and â€Å"other status†. To more fully elaborate on the strategies for implementation of the rights set forth in the International Covenant onEconomic Social and Cultural Rights, the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights — the monitoring body of the Covenant — issued:General Comment 5 (1994) This General Comment by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights formulates obligations of states to eliminate discrimination of persons with disabilities in the areas of equal rights for men and women (â€Å"double discrimination†) (article 3 of the ICESCR), work (ICESCR articles 6-8), social security (article 9), protection of the family (article 10), adequate standard of living (article 11), right to physical and mental health (article 12), right to education (articles 13 and 14) and the right to take part in cultural life and enjoy the benefits of scientific progress (article 15). Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons (1971) This declaration was proclaimed by the UN General Assembly and states that: â€Å"The mentally retarded person has, to the maximum degree of feasibility, the same rights as other human beings. â€Å"Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (1975) This declaration adopted by the UN General Assembly is the first international document that tried to define the term â€Å"disability. † The Declaration includes a number of social and economic rights as well as civil and political rights.Declaration on the Rights of Deaf-Blind Persons (1979) Article 1 of the Declaration states that â€Å"†¦every deaf-blind person is entitled to enjoy the universal rights that are guaranteed to all people by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the rights provided for all disabled persons by the Declaration of the Rights of Disabled Persons. â€Å"Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (1979) (article 3) The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, usually abbreviated as CEDAW, does not include any specific article on disability rights, but aims to protect the rights of all women, whether disabled or not. Disabled women face double discrimination based on their gender and secondly, on their disability.In General Recommendation 18 the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, the monitoring body of the CEDAW convention, stresses that disabled women suffer from double discrimination and are a particularly vulnerable group. It recommends that governments provide information on disabled women in their period reports and on special measures th at governments have taken to ensure that women with disabilities â€Å"have equal access to education and employment, health services and social security, and to ensure that they can participate in all areas of social and cultural life. â€Å"A major outcome of the International Year of Disabled Persons (1981) was the formulation of the World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons (WPA) (1982).The WPA is a global strategy to enhance disability prevention, rehabilitation and equalization of opportunities, which pertains to full participation of persons with disabilities in social life and national development. The WPA also emphasizes the need to approach disability from a human rights perspective. Convention (No. 159) concerning Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) (1983) This treaty of the International Labour Organization (ILO), a UN specialized agency, obligates states to â€Å"formulate, implement and periodically review a national policy on voc ational rehabilitation and employment of disabled persons† (article 2).This treaty also emphasizes the principle of equal opportunity: â€Å"positive measures aimed at effective equality of opportunity and treatment between disabled workers and other workers shall not be regarded as discriminating against other workers† (article 4). Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) (article 2, 6, 12, 23, 28) This treaty lists disability as one of the grounds discrimination is prohibited on (article 2). In addition, article 23 directly addresses the rights of children with disabilities stating that disabled children are entitled to a â€Å"full and decent life† of dignity and participation in the community. Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illnesses and the Improvement of Mental Health Care (1991) This document adopted by the UN General Assembly sets detailed standards for the protection of persons with mental disabilities.It emphasizes that all per sons have the right to the best available mental health care and that persons with a mental illness shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. Individuals with mental disabilities also have the right to protection from economic, sexual and other forms of exploitation, physical or other abuse and degrading treatment. The Principles stipulate that there shall be no discrimination on the grounds of mental illness and that persons with a mental illness shall have the right to exercise all civil, political. In case a person lacks legal capacity due to his or her mental illness any decisions related to the well-being of this person shall be made only after a fair hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal established by domestic law.Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (1993) Adopted by the General Assembly in 1993 in the aftermath of the Decade of Disabled Persons, the Standard Rules do not c onstitute a legally binding document for member states. However the Standard Rules are the most comprehensive set of human rights standards regarding disability police to date and represent â€Å"a strong moral and political commitment of Governments to take action to attain equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities. † The document addresses preconditions for equal participation, target areas of equal participation, implementation measures and monitoring mechanisms.Implementation of the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities are monitored by the UN Special Rapporteur on Disability. The first Special Rapporteur, Bengt Lindqvist (Sweden), was appointed in 1994, and his mandate was renewed twice, in 1997 and 2000. In 2003, Sheikha Hessa Khalifa bin al-Thani (Qatar) was appointed as the Special Rapporteur. Beijing Declaration on the Rights of People with Disabilities (2000) This declaration was adopted at the World NGO Summit on Disability and calls for a higher standard of living, equal participation and the elimination of discriminatory attitudes and practices. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2007) This treaty was recently adopted and enters into force in May 2008. Back to Top] AFRICAN UNION (FORMERLY ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY, OAU)African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (1981) (article 18) The Charter contains article 18 (4) which states that disabled persons have the right to special measures of protection and article 16 (1) provides that every individual shall have the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health. COUNCIL OF EUROPEThe Council of Europe is a regional intergovernmental organization consisting of 45 countries. It aims to defend human rights, parliamentary democracy and the rule of law. All members of the European Union also belong to the Council of Europe.The Council of Europe has not adopted any specific human rights tre aty on persons with disabilities, but created two important treaties that include the protection of disabilities rights:European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) (article 5) Article 5 of the Convention states that the right to liberty and security can be infringed upon on grounds of mental disability: â€Å"No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: [†¦ ] the lawful detention of persons for the prevention of the spreading of infectious diseases, of persons of unsound mind, alcoholics or drug addicts or vagrants. European Social Charter (1961) (article 15) The Charter works as the counterpart to the Convention addressing social and economic rights, such as the right to work, or the right to social security. The Charter was the first human rights treaty to explicitly mention disability. In addition the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has adop ted several recommendations about policies regarding persons with disabilities:Recommendation (818) on the Situation of the Mentally Ill (1977) This document outlines recommendations regarding the protection of mentally ill persons in court, and the legislation rules on the confinement of mentally ill persons.Recommendation (1185) on Rehabilitation Policies for the Disabled (1992) This recommendation urges member states to ensure active participation in society and equal opportunities for disabled persons. Recommendation No. R(92)6 on a Coherent Policy for the Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities (1992) This instrument recognizes the rights of disabled persons to be different and focuses on the right to independent living and full integration into society. EUROPEAN UNIONThe European Parliament has adopted several resolutions referring specifically to the protection of disability rights. The Resolution on the human rights of disabled people (1995) urges the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union, to take steps to ensure equal opportunities for disabled persons.The Resolution on threats to the right to life of disabled persons (1996) seeks to protect the right to life and states that the European Parliament is â€Å"opposed to the practice of the active killing by doctors of patients in a persistent vegetative state and disabled new-born children. † Finally, the Resolution on the Commission's communication on equality of opportunity for people with disabilities (1997) recognizes that â€Å"there are 37 million disabled people in the European Union who do not enjoy full civil and human rights† and reminds member states of their responsibility to implement disability protection laws on the national level. In December 2000, the Council of Ministers of the European Union adopted a (binding) general Framework Directive on equal treatment in employment prohibiting direct and indirect discrimination on the grounds of religio n or belief, age, disability or sexual orientation.The Framework Directive is binding upon the current member states, while candidate member states are required to have completed national implementation of the Directive before joining the EU. ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)American Convention on Human Rights (1969) (article 24) The Convention does not explicitly address the subject of disability, but contains the classical human rights guarantees. For example, Article 24 states the right to equal protection. Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador) (1988) (article 18) This treaty specifically that persons with disabilities are entitled to receive special attention in order to achieve the greatest possible development of his or her personality.It also obliges governments to implement special measures to facilitate the full integration of persons with disabilities. Inter-America n Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Persons With Disabilities (1999) This Convention aims to prevent and eliminate all forms of discrimination against disabled persons and to promote their full integration into society. [Back to Top]  National Protection and Service AgenciesSeveral countries such as the Australia, India, the United Kingdom and the USA have passed and implemented national anti-discrimination laws, guaranteeing full participation in society by persons with disabilities. In Australia, the Disability Discrimination Act was passed in 1992.The objectives of the Act are â€Å"to eliminate, as far as possible, discrimination against persons on the ground of disability in the areas of: work, accommodation, education, access to premises, clubs and sport; and the provision of goods, facilities, services and land; and existing laws; and the administration of Commonwealth laws and programs; and to ensure, as far as practicable, that persons with disabilities have the same rights to equality before the law as the rest of the community; and to promote recognition and acceptance within the community of the principle that persons with disabilities have the same fundamental rights as the rest of the community. † In India, two national instruments were passed, the Rehabilitation Council of India Bill and the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act. In the United Kingdom, the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 aims to end the discrimination which many persons with disabilities face.The Act enumerates rights in the areas of employment, access to goods, facilities and services and buying or renting land or property. In the United States, civil rights law regarding persons with disabilities is based on a number of laws among which the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the most important one. The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in emp loyment, state and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications. Examples of further national legislation are the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and the Rehabilitation Act. Back to Top] Advocacy, Educational and Training MaterialsFor advocatesGuide to Disability Rights (and dealing with the system) This guide provides practical information on employment, free medication, social security benefits, special education, and tax benefits. Training Materials for Lawyers and NGOs on the European Convention on Human Rights and the rights of people with mental health problems and/or developmental disabilities (Mental Disability Advocacy Center, Budapest, 2002). This training manual was written for lawyers and NGOs attending training seminars organised by the Mental Disability Advocacy Center (MDAC) and partner NGOs during 2002.The materials are intended to provide insight into the European Convention on Human Rights and mental disability in Central and Eastern Europe. The goal of this manual is to provide an initial look into the human and civil rights of people with mental health and/or developmental disabilities in this region. Subsequently definitions of mental health problems and developmental disabilities are given here along with relevant articles of the European Convention on Human Rights and case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Council of Europe Committee for the Prevention of Torture. For teachersTen messages about children with disabilities (UNICEF) Practical tips for to help children with disabilities learn in a safe and equitable environment.The Disabled: â€Å"Making Our Own Charter† (by Richard Pierre Claude in: Popular Education for Human Rights: 24 Participatory Exercises for Facilitators and Teachers, HREA, 2000) This is a highly participatory and can be adapted to diverse settings and cultures. At the conclu sion of this exercise participants should be able to identify some of the special needs of persons with disabilities; justify identifying the needs and rights of the disabled in the form of a brief Preamble to a Charter for the Disabled; identify a series of human rights of the disabled that specifically reflect their needs and are not inconsistent with existing broader international and national rights standards; and adopt a plan of action to ensure that disable people learn about their human rights. [Back to Top]   Other ResourcesDisabled Persons and Human Rights European Year of People with Disabilities (2003)International Day of Disabled Persons Organisations advocating for and educating about the rights of persons with disabilities  Ã‚  | | | back to top| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Also available in:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Subscribe| | | | | | | | | Enter your email address to subscribe to HREA mailing lists. | | RSS Feeds| | | | | | | | | | | Related e-learning course| | | | | | The Rights of Persons with Disabilities| | | | | | | | | | Key terms| | | | | | Disability – a physical, mental, or sensory impairment, permanent or temporary, that limits the capacity to perform one or more essential activities of daily life | |Handicap – the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an equal level with others. It describes the encounter between the persons with a disability and the environment. | | Rehabilitation – the process to enable disabled persons â€Å"to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric and/or social functional levels†| | | | | | | | | | | â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights† Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1| | | | | | | | | | Some facts| | | | | | – in most countries, 1 out of 10 persons has a disability | | – more than half of world's persons with disabilities don't have access to essential services| | war and destruction, unhealthy living conditions, absence of knowledge about disability, its causes, prevention and treatment are factors that account for the rising number of and social exclusion of persons with disabilities| | – there is a clear link between poverty and disability| | | | | | | | | | | Historical dates| | | | | | 1817 – the American School for the Deaf, the first permanent school for the deaf in America, is founded in Hartford, Connecticut (USA)| | 1829 – Louis Braille invents the raised point alphabet that has come to be known as Braille| | 1848 – the first residential institution for people with mental retardation is founded by Samuel Gridley Howe in Boston (USA)| | 869 – the first wheelchair patent is registered with the U. S. Patent Office| | 1920s – first vocational rehabilitation programs to provide services to WWI veterans with disabilities| | 1948 – Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by UN General Assembly| | 1962 – Ed Roberts, quadriplegic paralyzed from the neck down due to childhood polio, achieves admission to the University of California at Berkeley (USA), a victory during the 1960s disability movement. | | 1971 – Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons| | 1973 – the first handicap parking stickers are introduced in Washington, D. C. (USA)| | 1975 – Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons| | 976 – passage of an amendment to Higher Education Act of 1972 in the USA provides services to physically disabled students entering college| | 1979 – the U. S Olympic Committee organizes its Handicapped in Sports Committee| | 1981 – UN General Assembly proclaims 1981 International Year of Disabled Persons| | 1982 – UN General Assembly adopts the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons| | 1983 – ILO Convention (159) on Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons)| | 1983-1992 – Decade for Disabled Persons| | 1992 – UN General Assembly proclaims that 3 December every year be observed as the International Day of Disabled Persons| | 993 – UN General Assembly adopts the UN Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities| | 1993-2002 – Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons| | 1994 – First Special Rapporteur on Disability, Bengt Lindqvist appointed| | 2000-2009 – African Decade of Disabled Persons| | 2003 – European Year of People with Disabilities| | 2003-2012 – Arab Decade of Disabled Persons | | 2007 – UN General Assembly adopts the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities| | | | | | | | | | | This guide was developed by Anna Langenbach. Copyright  © Human Rights Education Associates (HREA), 2003. All rights reserved. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Accessibili ty | Copyright | Publications | RSS | Privacy | FAQs | | | |

Role In Health Sector Reform Health And Social Care Essay

Siameseland s stinting construction is altering toward to a expectant extent(prenominal) industrialisation and the Gross Domestic crossing ( swinish home(prenominal) product ) increased nearly 7-9 % periodic from the late 1980s until 1996. The siamese connection sparing preserves took an un judge downswing in 1996. The Bank of Siameseland see the ripening built in bed of Tai scotch organisation would break bug out at a pasture of 2.0-3.0 per centimeum solely, ca enjoymentd by the hapless universe display of ex sorts and cliquish welkin spend. Import ripening anyways declined during 1996. Decelemilitary rating the maturement in conditional relations whole push a emplacement non fall apart the disk operating corpse s live history dearth signifi only ift endtly. The short era re master(prenominal)s an stinting job of study c at a timern.A However, the economical st up to(p)ness weighs to be improve as a consequence of scratchiness polici es or all overcome slicings and nest eggs acceleration. The melt down out shortage result be closely 40,000 hoagieion tical.Factors Determining wellness health and health Status ar influenced by respective(a) leadors viz. the claim of fightss and tendencies of economic, societal, political, administrative, physical environment, seat cultivation and plan development.In amount, the economic exploitation and construction book do alterations in the aspiration form of siamese connection volume. Peoples need more(prenominal) health wariness and pass more for health run, roughly(prenominal) necessary and unneeded attending. The internal health go by has been increase firearm by turn, at a regulate windy than the Gross Domestic Product ( gross domestic product ) , from 3.5 % of GDP in 1979 to 6.3 % of GDP in 1991. In the twelvemonth 2000 it s anticipate to be at a sterilise out of 8.1 % of GDP. With the worst scenario of siamese connection economic constitution it is expected to be more than 10 % of GDP in future. The overcome vaingloriously insureed by the family and the hapless stomach a fulllyer portion of outgo to income than the fat. The disbursal is for remedy instead than prophylactic device and crude oversight. moreover, the engineering sciences for health check ope outrank argon publishly trade with round accompaniment r horizontalue enhancement freedom. This consequences in great purchase and competition in import the mettle about follow equipment and imbalanced stumbleice of this equipment nation in totallyy.The Tai economic construction has swapd from agriculture base intentness to more lie and swear outant based industries. This ca apply mountain to propel to industrially based countries or to migrate from hoidenish to urban countries and society faces umteen societal jobs including occupational health. There is a great economic loss collectible to road accidents and accidents in the mill be pillowcase of unequalized attending to industrial guard duty. The job of air, pee, flutter and sight pollution in mill and environment and under(a) standard on the job(p) conditions is increasing. The increasing rate of utilizing modernee engineering and chemicals in agricultural activities, i.e. , pesticides, weedkillers, unreal fertiliser has resulted in great deal having substances toxic to their health.Income difference among the hapless and the rich, the clownish and the urban countries, the agricultural and manu rangeuring argonnas tint the health system in footings of unfairness in health mental imagery allotment. The free trade system as well as has force on pharmaceutical industry higher m iodintary grade of do drugss because of the patent ordinances.Due to the job of alterations in instruction umteen people confirm especial(a) abilities to ring to the information authorized by the diverse media. al more or less ch ange their health behavior to follow more hazard to their health. There be anyhow the jobs of catching ailments, chronic disease, and aged disease among the people. sparing Crisis from mid-1997The current economic crisis has tremendous extend to on the allege of matter and this usurpation allow prevail for at least 4-5 of age(predicate) ages. The immediate effects ar unemployment, rock-bottom house form income and decreased ingestion outgo. These halt societal and health effects. economical Crisis and wellness meetingshypertext distributor express protocol //www.econ.chula.ac.th/ world/ look_center/chealth/im/ChealthCrisis.jpgSome Elementss of Reforms in wellness SectorSoft loans from World Bank ( WB ) and Asiatic festering Bank ( ADB ) were transferered to the government to fill the impertinent militias, and to masking up subjective plans. These loans came with certain conditions to continue the safety earnings to salvage the vulnerable groups, moveri cularly those unemployed. down the stairs the crude-fanglight-emitting diode loan from the Asian phylogenesis Bank ( ADB ) , on that point argon at any rate elements of reforms in the wellness orbit as conditions of the loan, viz.Redeployment of wellness forces to the rural countriesReform of the referral systems maturement of independent infirmaries damages policy reform of assorted wellness indemnification policy strategies, i.e. , Civil armed emolument health check examination operate intent ( CSMBS ) , Free checkup examination light up out for the Low Income House contribute intent ( FC/L ) , Free checkup examination alimony for the senior contrivance ( FC/E ) , becomemen Compensation dodge ( WCS ) , the br separately security postings Scheme ( draft ) and the Voluntary wellness pester Scheme ( VHCS ) ( Wibulpolprasert, et Al, 1998 ) . brotherly Impact and resolutionshypertext conveyance protocol //www.econ.chula.ac.th/ guinea pig/research_cent er/chealth/im/ChealthImpact.jpgEconomic CrisisNecessity and Opportunity to reevaluate anterioritys of health profits mental imagerysWhat the crisis has already told usThe concludely dread waxy l tutelage programs be all of a sudden undermined by unheralded national economic lossWe find all of a sudden to do youthful precedences health sphere of influence versus early(a) empyreans within wellness argona earningswellness serve installationsCapital investingDisease control / stop activities health instruction / mediaShort term versus eagle-eyed termLocal, national, regionalNew enterp facelifts, i.e. , health conduct Financing, wellness assistance Investment, and so forth loveliness, i.e. , the rich and the hapless, between sectors, between parts.major(ip) displacementsFiscal crisis snobby infirmaries, around ar running out of m cardinaly, bankruptcy.Drain of dress force from worldly concern to buck hidden clubby wellness sector interrupted consequences in the possible betterment of man military unit state of social occasions in national sector conditional upon the avail superpower of mvirtuosoy to boast a bun in the oven them.Shift of patronage from sequestered to open wellness sector run, im roamable to gloaming in income or unemployment of people.Attendant overloading of familiar wellness sector work.Short versus enormous term deduction issuesCan equilib startle between public and confidential wellness sector be legislated based on experience of instability of private sector concern methods exposed by crisis.Debt direction, i.e. , local anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic and fo reign investingInvesting ordinancesWork force policy accommodationEquity considerationCan disease controls / preventative activities beStreamlined, soProtected against runways in crisis so to safeguard against dearly-won increases in disease out interruptions ( catching diseases ) which would succeed in increasing debt load.Time toA readdressA affair of well-rounded national wellness indemnity embracing all sectors. This might mobilize tolls equitably.This would app arnt ask cut downing the clears of CSMBS, i.e. , co-payment mechanism, keeping the rule of the wellness card dodging and presenting a unconditional wellness insurance strategy boilersuit etceteraThe urgency of this is highlighted by the rise in unemployment with loss of employee contri inherentlyed benefits and sudden addition in the soma of eligible individuals for Social public assistance wellness services to the hapless.wellness political economys siamese connection ExperienceThis list summarizes on travelinging and effected wellness economic sciences research passim Thailand. content health form adjudicate, i.e.Social Motions and Economic Transformation to break up the diachronic development of Thai wellness oversight system.Private hospital panoramaCig bettes and Excise Tax to analyze the conflict of a alteration in the rate of coffin nail excise revenue enhancement.Political Economy of Tobacco Products and optimal Cig bette Taxation diagnostic related Group instruct education transcription for wellness Improvement information processing system ashes for health C be ProvidersGovernment Information Ne iirk ( GINet )Rapid Provincial wellness SurveyLaw and Regulation decentalisation and Health governances Change prevalent-Private Mix requisite Health PackageThai rouse of DiseasesThe Economics of Traffic calamitys to cipher the economic sciences loss and causes of accident.Beginnings of Economic Growth in ThailandDevelopment, Environment and Health in the eastern Seaboard AreaHealthy urban center computeHealth Financing investigateHealth insurance in assorted strategies, i.e. ,Voluntary Health Insurance.Social Security Scheme.Civil expediency checkup attain Scheme ( CSMBS ) . expanse Health grade topic Drug Account hospital Costing assorted tipsResource assignation Confluent B eginnings of Finance and Reforming Payment Mechanisms for Health ServicessCost, Resource Use and Financing of zone Health Services in Thailandengineering Appraisal fictitious character Improvement look into, i.e. judgment the Health Welfare ( Low income ) Card Scheme of ThailandEconomicss of Social Welfare project focusEntire Quality Management StudyHealth custody Development Research, i.e.Scientific and Technical manpower for Economic Growth to analyze the piece resource development impinges upon proficient capacity in many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) sectors including those which full-strength and indirectly affect wellness. futurity Pattern of Health Manpower Needed at each degreeForecast the Disease Pattern in ThailandHealth Behaviour Research, i.e.Economic military rank alongside WHO Antenatal Care struggleCost Effectiveness, Cost / Performance techniques in assorted wellness political programsQuality of flavor StudyAlcohol Consumption StudyElderly CareHealth st ead and Trend Research, i.e.The diseases control plan, i.e. ,Economicss of LeprosySocial and Economic Impact of Dengue Hemorrhagic pyrexiaEconomic Evaluation of Village Malaria inform ProgrammeEconomic Analysis of Malaria Diagnostic engineeringEconomicss of Screening for Thalassemiademographic Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus/ assist epizootic in ThailandSurvey of Elderly in ThailandGeneral Agreement on stack in Services and the Effects on Health formation and Services in ThailandQuantitative Approaches to Analysis and Redefinition of Market Roles in Changing Options for Health ServicessScheme for Research in Health Economicss Present and Future in Enabling Mechanisms for HealthSummary of Health Economics Research TargetsIssuesEquityEfficiencyQualityHealth InsuranceUniversal Health InsuranceAccessibility to Health CareHealth Care Behaviour and roleTypes of Health Care Financing Impact on Utilization and Health white plagueEssential Package and OutgoResource Allocat ion at Various Levels appraise the Standard for Quality of CareTechnology AppraisalTechnology Diffusion and statistical distri thationCost-effectiveness for Drug, Medical Equipment and TechnologyConsumer Protection for development Health Care/ and Health ServicessHealth ManpowerHealth Manpower diffusionCost and Number of Health ManpowerQuality of force-out Standard of Providing CareRole of Private and worldly concernImpacts of GATS on Prices and AccessibilityEarmarked TaxsPublic-Private MixOptimum engagement of Assorted collaboration, i.e. , Joint-venture, Contract outReferral System and Net litigateAssess the Standard and its ApplicationsHealth impacts of rapid economic alterations in SiamThe economic crisis in Thailand in July 1997 had major societal deductions for unemployment, under employment, household income contraction, altering outgo forms, and tyke forsaking. The crisis increased poorness incidence by 1 one million million, of whom 54 % were the ultra-poor. This co mposition explores and explains the short-run wellness impact of the crisis, utilizing bing informations and nearly particular studies and interviews for 2 old ages during 1998A99.The wellness impacts of the crisis are mixed, some organism ban and some organism positive. Household wellness outgo reduced by 24 % in existent footings among the poorer families, institutional trouble was re rigid by self- medicine. The pre-crisis lifting goal in outgo on intoxicant and baccy ingestion was change.Immunization disbursement and reportage were preserve at a authentically high degree afterwardwardwards the crisis, notwithstanding studies of additions in diphtheria and whooping cough indicate worsening programme musical note. An addition in malaria, despite budget additions, had many causes but was chiefly collectible to cut down programme effectivity.STD incidence proceed the pre-crisis downward tendency. Ratess of human immunodeficiency virus doubtful shakeual behavior we re higher among draftees than other male workers, but in some(prenominal) groups on that point was lower rubber fashion with insouciant spouses. HIV sero-surveillance showed a continuance of the pre-crisis downward tendency among commercial sex workers ( CSW, twain whorehouses and non-brothel based ) , pregnant adult females and donated blood this tendency was somewhat reversed among male STD patients and more among endovenous drug users. Condom insurance coverage among whorehouses based CSW proceed to increase to 97.5 % , despite a 72 % budget cut in free rubber distribution.Poverty and deficiency of insurance coverage are two major clinchers of absence of or unequal antenatal worry, and low birth weight. The Low Income Scheme could non passablely cover the hapless but the voluntary Health Card Scheme played a wellness safety net snuff it for agnate and infant wellness. Low birth weight and tight-fitting among school kids were observed during the crisis.The impact of the crisis on wellness was minimal in some sectors but non in the others if the pre-crisis place is efficient and healthy and frailty versa. We demonstrated some cardinal wellness position parametric quantities during the 2-year period after the 1997 crisis but do non hold decisions on the impact of the economic crisis on wellness position, as our reflexion is excessively short and there is incertitude on how long the crisis result last.hypertext channel protocol //www.business-in-asia.com/ health check_tour/images/boi_med1.jpgSiam has profound positioned itself to go the checkup hub of Asia, with more than four one C infirmaries offer the intimately modernistic treatments by an outside(a)ly trained aesculapian checkup checkup examination staff. The state boasts the largest hospital in in the southeast Asia and the prime(a)e of all time to go for ISO 9001 enfranchisement, and the first hospital in Asia to be tending(p) the honored Joint Commission outsi de Accreditation ( JCIA ) .In 2005, the prognosticate of foreign patients geting in Thailand, supposed checkup exam examination tourers, topped one million and reached 1.4 million in 2006. The state has striation a mark of 2 million aesculapian exam tourers by the twelvemonth 2010. With 1000000s of people without wellness insurance in some states, or those barely seeking the outflank service and attention in stock(predicate), medical tourism continues to be a outgrowth industry for Thailand. The annual growing rate for the sector has been 14 % , with major surgical processs increasing, both bit honest as those seeking standard medical attention. Thai Airways has interpreted medical tourism one measure further by boxing medical check-ups as portion of its purple orchidaceous plant Holidays plan.Ack todayledging the available foodstuff and the state s ability to present medical preventive at supranational criterions, in 2004 Thailand s administration adopted a five-year strategical program to develop the state s capacity into the come to of Excellent Health of Asia .This strategic program, advanced by the Ministry of Public Health, focuses on ternion chief countries of health administer medical services, health solicitude services, which takes watering place, traditional massage and long-stay health occupy merchandises and services, and 3rd is Thai herbal tea merchandises.There is a serious dedication on beone-half of health hazard out suppliers and the political science to fasten that transnational criterions are met. more late, infirmaries in Thailand take hold opted to in like demeanor use for Joint Commission International ( JCI accreditation, which is the transnational accreditation arm of the U.S. Joint Commission on Accreditation of health armorial bearing Organizations ( JCAHO ) , says Mr. Denis Meseroll of Asset Management Systems ( Thailand ) , a company that provides health conduct direction services.hyp ertext transfer protocol //www.business-in-asia.com/medical_tour/images/boi_med2.jpgSkyrocketing prices of health compassionate in many western states, along with overladen medical installations in many others, has added great attractive force to Thailand s high quality low cost medical service industry. For illustration, elected mental process in Thailand s best private infirmaries is frequently one tenth the cost of the said(prenominal) process if performed in the fall in States. With the value of OECD states wellness attention sector dimension been estimated to be either bit high as US $ 3 trillion and the take a craping blocked States at US $ 2 trillion, the potency for Thailand is important. begrimed expose BlueShield of South Carolina and Blue Choice of South Carolina, US based health care insurance suppliers, withstand formed an confederation with one of capital of Thailand s postmortem infirmaries to advance medical touristry to its 1.3 million members.In add to the cost economy, there is anyhow the added benefit that hinderance and aftercare services are frequently performed in resort like scenes, with a degree of genial reception non erect in other of the universe s medical centres. Doctors are experts in their Fieldss and nurses are registered and cracking trained. But beyond the medical attractive force, patients are treated to in the flesh(predicate) service characterized by Thailand s excellence. Patients are non left to linger in hospital waiting suites for hours, left unattended and uninformed. Some infirmaries leave alone even delegate patients a personal helper who depart move them through the full procedure from the bowel movement door, to their assignment with the medico, to the onsite pharmaceutics to conciliate full prescriptions, and to uncluttering all grosss for insurance reimbursement. Patients are unplowed informed throughout their stay. In fact one of Bangkok s premier infirmary installations boasts a st aff of physicians that can talk side, French, Spanish, German, Dutch, Japanese, Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hainan, Arabic, Urdu and others, and has 60 translators on its staff. epoch other(prenominal) has translators in over two twelve linguistic communications, all in order to ease the increasing Numberss of external patients. And many of the state s infirmaries give way the to the highest degree advanced medical equipment, including one which late purchased the MRI 3 Tesla, the first in Asia, which offers better diagnosing without injectant of contrast media.While Thailand excels in the medical attention it delivers on a periodical footing to patients from over 190 states, the nation is besides deriving acknowledgment as a location for research and for clinical tests of advanced medical forte and for calm cell interventions. Thailand is puting in research and development for tropical diseases, much(prenominal) as dude fever febrility and malaria, among others count ries broad unfastened for farther investing.With the exponential growing of Thailand into passing game a medical hub in the part, capacious chances in related Fieldss are being created. The medical device sector, for one, will go on to see healthy growing to run into the rents of health care installations for new and set upd medical machinery and devices. Thailand s health care industry is genuinely routine in springs and bounds.HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS IN THAILANDThe bulk of wellness attention services in Thailand is delivered by the populace sector, which includes 1,002 infirmaries and 9,765 wellness Stationss. Universal wellness attention is provided through three plans the well-be permitd service public assistance system for civil retainers and their households, Social Security for private employees, and the Universal Coverage strategy theoretically available to all other Thai subjects. Some private infirmaries are participants in these plans, though most are financed by patien t self-payment and private insurance. Harmonizing to the World Bank, under Thailand s wellness strategies, 99.5 % of the creation has wellness protection coverage.The Ministry of Public Health ( MOPH ) oversees national wellness policy and besides operate most political science wellness installations. The National Health Security Office ( NHSO ) allocates funding through the Universal Coverage plan. Other health-related authorities bureaus include the Health System Research play ( HSRI ) , Thai Health proficiency Foundation ( Thai Health ) , National Health Commission Office ( NHCO ) , and the compulsion Medical Institute of Thailand ( EMIT ) . Although there see been national policies for decentalisation, there has been ohmic resistance in implementing much(prenominal) alterations and the MOPH still straight controls most facets of wellness attention.Thailand introduced planetary coverage reforms in 2001, going one of still a smattering of lower-middle income states to make so. Means-tested wellness attention for low income families was replaced by a new and more house-to-house insurance strategy, originally known as the 30 tical undertaking, in line with the bitty co-payment charged for intervention. Peoples fall ining the strategy fill a gold card which allows them to admission services in their wellness grunge, and, if necessary, be referred for specializer intervention elsewhere. The majority of finance comes from public grosss, with die clayey allocated to Contracting unit of measurements for capital Care yearly on a tribe footing. Harmonizing to the WHO, 65 % of Thailand s wellness attention outgo in 2004 came from the authorities, age 35 % was from private beginnings. Thailand achieved cosmopolitan coverage with comparatively low degrees of disbursement on wellness but it faces important challenges rise costs, inequalities, and duplicate of resources.Although the reforms swallow acquire a good trade of unfavorable judgment, th ey have proved hot with poorer Thais, particularly in rural countries, and survived the alteration of authorities after the 2006 military putsch. Then Public Health Minister, Mongkol Na Songkhla, abolished the 30 tical co-payment and make the UC strategy free. It is non to that degree clear whether the strategy will be modified farther under the alliance authorities that came to power in January 2008.Public Health IssuesAlthough infective diseases, most notably HIV/ help and TB, retain serious public wellness issues, non-communicable diseases and hurts have besides become of import causes of unwholesomeness and mortality. Major infective diseases in Thailand besides include bacterial diarrhoea, hepatitis, dandy fever febrility, malaria, Nipponese phrenitis, hydrophobias, and swamp fever.Human immunodeficiency computer virus/acquired immune lack syndrome ( HIV/ aid ) is a serious job in Thailand. The join Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS ( UNAIDS ) reported in November 2004 that th e Thai authorities had launched a well-funded, politically supported, and hardheaded response to the epidemic. As a consequence, national grownup HIV prevalence has decreased to an estimated 1.5 per centum of all individuals aged 15 to 49 old ages ( or about 1.8 per centum of the inbuilt population ) . It was besides reported that 58,000 grownups and kids had died from AIDS since the first instance was reported in 1984. The authorities has begun to better its support to individuals with HIV/AIDS and has provided financess to HIV/AIDS support groups. Public plans have begun to change insecure behaviour, but favoritism against those septic continues. The authorities has funded an antiretroviral drug plan and, as of family 2006, more than 80,000 HIV/AIDS patients had received such drugs.Food SafetyFood safety panics, like the difference of developing Asia, are non un parking area to Thailand. Furthermore besides the of all time frequent microbic taint of street side nutrient left out in the hot Sun and dust-covered roads, every bit good as deceive nutrient, taint by banned or toxic pesticides and forge nutrient merchandises is besides common. 3-MCPD, a genotoxic and carcinogenic substance, was found in utmost sums ( 100s to 1000s of times bounds ) in an Asia-wide ( ex Japan and Korea ) acid-hydrolyzed soy act dirt in 2001, including exports to Western states, cyanuramide in Thai nutrient merchandises along with 2008 Chinese milk dirt, and July 2012 consumer action groups containing 4 unlisted toxic pesticides found on common veggies ( which are banned in unquestionable states ) be banned. Chemical companies are bespeaking to add them to the Thai Dangerous Substances mold so they can go on to be apply, including on exported Mangifera indicas to developed states which have banned their usage.Medical and Healthcare Services Currently Provided in ThailandMedical ServicessMedical Examination ( Chulalongkorn Hospital )Outpatient division nursing DepartmentD entistryExtended Service ClinicsSocial Security Services ( Chulalongkorn Hospital/Somdej Na Sriracha Hospital )On-line Consultancy unnamed ClinicNurses at Home castMedical Certificate Services ( Chulalongkorn Hospital/Somdej Na SrirachaHospital )Rabiess ClinicImmunological ClinicNew Tract medicinal drug ServicesImmunological Clinic and TouristConsultancyBiological MerchandisesChula Excimer Laser CenterOstomy Clinic society medicament/Community HealthWednesday ClubAnti-AIDS endeavour in Slum CommunitiesElderly Care Project, Klong Toey SlumCommunityEducational ServicessNursing CollegeOther Health related Servicess commencement precaution TrainingKnowledge for Life ProjectHome Nursing TrainingHealth Education for the Disadvantaged,Including inmates, no educated kidsRabiess bouncy LineHealth RestorativeService at HomeConsultancy for HIVAIDS infected and householdCatastrophe Relief Services expendable and Life Pack AidsMobile Medical Unit of measurementsFirst Aid Unit, Medical Supp lies and VehiclesService Coverage ( Map ) Princess Pa Project voluntary Project, the Thai Red marSociety agate line Servicess lineage Bags manufactured by the National Blood Service CenterEye BankEye Bank procedureCornea in OptisolCornea in GlycerineEye Whites amnic membraneFair and Equal-Opportunity EyeAllotmentOrgan largess Heart,Lung, Liver AllocationKidney Allocation electric shaver Aids Biological Family TrackingFamily decisionChild Follow-ThroughAdchoice motionChalerm Phrakiat Child Development Center ( For Thai Red mollycoddle Personnel )Human-centered ReliefConsumable AIDSs and flavor battalionsMobile Medical Unit of measurementsFirst Aid UnitsSpecialized MedicineUnit of measurementsOther Services Dissemination of Red Cross Principles andHuman-centered Laws in young personsChalerm Prakiat 72 ichor Iodine Nutrition ProjectCommunity Service ActivitiesStrong industry growing humor several cardinal supportive factorsWe believe Thailand s health care sector has b in good order chances in manifest beam of light of the undermentioned supporting factorsLow health care incursion.An ageing population and a lifting decease rate from complex unwellnesss.A limited supply menace callable to high entry checkriers.Thailand s agonistical trade place in medical touristry.The first three factors guarantee right away lifting demand for health care from local people in Thailand. However, we see greater demand chances from provincial countries than from the Bangkok metropolitan Region ( BMR ) over due to the turn urbanization tendency and lower incursion.Local Government Policies and Major Measures to PromoteThe Thai authorities began strategic programs since 2004 to advance Thailand as a premier medical touristry last. Since so, the state has enjoyed a astronomic learn of visitants in this class. The Department of exporting furtherance and the Department of Health Service hold reported a rapid growing of 16.48 % during 2001-2009 for wellness services bringing to aliens category No. of international Patients Estimate Income ( jillion Baht )2007 1,373,807 106,6402008 1,380,000 107,4192009 1,390,000 108,197Thailand is now widely accl prepareed among the international confederacy as the medical hub in Asia, with important advantages including the handiness of modern equipment and fortes, unaffixed entryway, competitory pecuniary values, and great cordial reception from service operators and forces. These, when coupled with the well-established fact that Thailand is a vivid tourer finish with calm beaches and mountains, entrancing humanistic disciplines and civilization, nutrient, amusement, and shopping, make Thailand a great medical touristry finish.The policies and schemes to advance Thailand as a medical hub of Asia1 ) . Most health care service suppliers curiously infirmaries participate in travel marketplaces, travel carnivals, trade carnival, exhibitions, seminars, conferences.2 ) . Using advertizements in travel mag azines in states with the hold uping from the authorities. With the cooperation from the Ministry of Public Health, Tourism allowance of Thailand ( TAT ) , Ministry of hostile Affairs, and Department of Export Promotion ( DEP ) organise these activities for advancing health care services to international markets.3 ) . Other illuminating stuffs are provided such as booklets, brochures, video-cds, composing bags and jersey with Sons were besides used to make consciousness of the available health care services4 ) . Some health care service suppliers build up cooperation with the local institutes, universities, medical schools in other states to set up coaction in instruction, modify of cognition and conceptualisation every bit good as to advance their option health care services.5 ) . announce about medical and nonmedical services in both local and international media are used by healthcare service suppliers. The advertizement has to be based on Thai Torahs and ordinances abou t how to publicize health care services. Media such as magazines, report ( both in Thai and English ) , telecasting etc. are used to aim local people and exiles who work in Thailand.FUTURE TRENDSHarmonizing to the KASIKORN inquiry CENTER, ASEAN wellness service liberalisation will heighten the chances for Thai medical attention concern investing into ASEAN states. This is because of ASEAN cancellation of all pre-conditions to wellness service markets and elaborateness of ASEAN investors shareholdings of up to 70 per centum beginning in 2010. Positive factors that would mainstay up Thai entry into ASEAN medical concern would include the possible in the gilt-edged direction of Thai infirmaries that have attracted the highest number of foreign patients in ASEAN.Furthermore, the impact of ASEAN trade and investing liberalisation and the development of transit logistics into the Indochina part will assist ease travel inwardly the part via land transit hence, offering greater cha nces to Thai private sector infirmaries to stagger out into other metropoliss in Thailand and back up a turning fingers breadth of foreign patients wishing to utilize medical attention services in Thailand.However, the intricacy of Thai medical attention services whitethorn submit some challenges in forces deficits within ASEAN, an investing finish including. It is expected that the effectivity of liberalisation in the motions of medical forces within ASEAN in 2015 will be sooner limited and may confront challenges caused by competition with and that besides aim to dust out such investings within ASEAN and would wish to go hubs for medical attention within this part, every bit good.Mean plot of ground, the enlargement of Thai private infirmaries into other ASEAN states may worsen forces shortages domestically and impact our ability to go a major Asian medical service hub clout foreign patients to. It is expected that the job of competition in pulling medical forces between s ervice suppliers domestically, authorities and private sector, will go on to escalate, peculiarly if there is an unequal authorities budget for medical Personnel development.Thailand Health Profile studyHealth is related to legion(predicate) factors.Indispensably, analysis of state of affairs and tendency of the Thai wellness system requires encyclopedic consideration on alterations in both single and environmental contexts that influence wellness, e.g. economic system, instruction, human ecology, household characteristic and migration, catching sciences, value and belief, civilization, political relations and authorities, environment, tush and engineering, every bit good as wellness services system itself.This inspires the public opinion of devising the Thailand Health Profile study, a study that offers information on Thailand s wellness system integrally machine-accessible with its determiners.Siam can be proud to hold achieved most of the eight UN Millennium Development Go als ( MDGs ) , in peculiar the three health-related ends.In 1970, Thailand had an babe mortality rate of 68 per 1,000 unfilmed births, while today it is estimated at 13 per 1,000 unrecorded births.Harmonizing to a 2008 survey promulgated in the medical diary Lancet, Thailand enjoyed the highest one-year rate of decrease in child mortality among 30 low- and middle-income states between 1990 and 2006.The maternal mortality ratio has besides shown a similar decreasing tendency.In add-on, Thailand has been winning at controling new HIV transmission rates by 83 per cent since 1991, thanks to the backbreaking attempts made by authoritiess and NGOs. much(prenominal) impressive wellness results did non glide by in isolation from its socio-economic development context.From 1969 to 2009, its gross national income ( GNI ) grew from US $ 210 to $ 3,760 in current figures, or 17 times over 40 old ages.During the seventies and 1980s, Thailand invested to a great extent in main roads that con nect the stray and poverty-stricken Northeast and North to Bangkok electrification throughout the state every bit good as enlargement of school modification for both male childs and misss.As a consequence, the positive spillover effects besides benefited the public wellness sector.As economic growing accelerated in the mid-1980s and 1990s, the state continued to finance substructure undertakings which brought greater connectivity, wider admission charge to electricity and safe imbibing H2O and clean sanitation, old and secondary schools, and primary wellness Centres in rural countries across the state.Four decennaries ago when Thailand was still a low-income state, it invested early in wellness attention substructure that has reached the most impertinent rural communities.Alternatively of concentrating resources to urban third infirmary development, public wellness loss leaders placed more funding to rural countries from 1982 onwards, which has further greater and low-cost debut to healthcare at the most local degrees.Such investings have paid off. In a survey carried out by the capital of the United mightinessdom School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and released in Bangkok last month, Thailand feature as one of the states to accomplish good wellness at low cost .Harmonizing to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , its entire wellness outgos ( THE ) is estimated at 4.1 per cent of its GDP or $ 328 per capita, which is comparatively low for the wellness outcomes achieved.The extended web of primary health care installations implemented through territory wellness systems supplemented by some of the first-class research outfits doubtless played a important function in bettering wellness results particularly for the rural population.In add-on, Thailand has been productive in breeding nurses and physicians for its wellness system, innovatively administering human resources to rural countries by prosecuting new medical alumnuss to function for three old ages in a rural infirmary, and supplying especial(a) pecuniary inducements.In add-on, wellness voluntaries recruited from local communities besides play of import support, bar and sensing functions, and thereby heightening community engagement.Thailand s wellness accomplishments are non limited to impressive indexs, but extend to achieving cosmopolitan wellness coverage ( UHC ) .Globally, the figure of states that have attained UHC is comparatively little, and comprises largely of OECD states.Within Asian, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand have achieved UHC, with the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia nearing full coverage as they embark on reforms.Yet, harmonizing to the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) , only when 5 to 10 per cent of people are covered in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, while in middle-income states, coverage rates vary between 20 to 60 per cent.Annually across the universe, about cl million people suffer monetary calamity and 100 million are pushed below the poorness line due to regressive payment systems for health care and absence of UHC.In 2002 when Thailand was still a lower-middle income state with a GDP/capita of $ 1,900, the state achieved UHC.This did non go on overnight but bit by bit since the 1970s through the creative activity of three wellness insurance strategiesthe Civil consideration Medical Benefit Scheme ( CSMBS ) ,Social Security Scheme ( SSS ) later on the Universal Coverage ( UC ) Scheme once referred to as the Bt30 Scheme.Achieving a coverage rate of 99 per cent of the population is more than merely run intoing a national aim it represents a beginning of inhalation to other low- and middle-income states.As a affair of fact, functionaries from assorted wellness ministries and NGOs from Asia and Africa frequently quest a visit to Thailand s public wellness establishments such as the National Health Security Office, International Health and Policy Programme, Health Systems Research Institute and the Ministry of Public Health to analyze how Thailand did it .As of now, 99 per cent of the Thai population is covered through a comprehensive health care bundle that ranges from wellness bar and primary attention, to hospitalization due to duty accidents to renal replacing therapy and first appearance to ART intervention for HIV.It has been shown that the UC Scheme has contributed significantly to cut downing cases of ruinous health care outgos, particularly in loose countries of the state.Based on the recent rating of the 10 old ages of the Scheme, the figure of impoverished families dropped from 3.4 per cent in 1996 to 0.8-1.3 per cent between 2006 and 2009, therefore lending to poverty decrease, construction greater fiscal stableness to vulnerable families and change long-run support security.In add-on, it helps Thailand to achieve the rule of the right to wellness for all.In a state with high income inequality as measured by the Gini Coefficient, entree to low-cost health care is a span that helps extenuate many of the socio-economic unfairnesss that still plague this state.Thailand has demonstrated that UHC may non be an unachievable dream to be experienced by merely the rich states.Low-income states such as Ghana and Rwanda have already made much advancement towards UHC, and states such as India and Bangladesh are on the job(p) towards developing effectual UHC systems.The titanicgest individual determiner in this is political committedness.In a round-table conference in Bangkok in November, 2011, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon declared that no states rich or little would hold adequate resources to transport out UHC reform but the challenge for every state is how currently they can travel into it.This was echoed at the recent Prince Mahidol Award Conference with the subject of UHC. tended to(p) by participants from 68 states, none give tongue to that UHC is impossible to accomplish in their contexts.With the right policies s ocietal, economic and political, it is possible for a low- or middle-income state to ship on the route towards UHC.Although Thailand has achieved cosmopolitan coverage, large challenges remain.These includehow to include foreign migratory workers into the health care systemhow to unify the three strategies to cut down unfairnesss in benefit bundleshow to guarantee sufficient and highly-trained human resources in wellness to run into current deficitshow to pull off Thailand s passage into a colour society in the following decennarieswhat are the germinating fiscal mechanisms that can be used to better function the population?UHC after all is non an end point in itself, but a journey that moves us closer to better wellness for all.Mushtaque Chowdhury and Natalie Phaholyothin are based at the Rockefeller Foundation s Asia Regional Office in Bangkok.The term reflects the positions of the writers, which do non needfully represent those of the Rockefeller Foundation.Healthcare in Thai landIntroduction nonpareil of the most popular Asiatic states for resettlement is Thailand.The state has a rich historical and cultural background.However, there are some concerns that exiles should be cognizant of, and one of these is the issue of health care.The health care systemMost of the physicians in Thailand are specializers that is why it may be difficult to happen a unafraid all-around global practician to direct you for minor medical jobs.As an exile, you will hold to travel to a general infirmary, where you will most probably be examined by a physician who is a specializer in one field or another.Since it may be common to hold a figure of littler medical conditions, it may be hard for a medical specializer to cover with these.The best manner, particularly if you are non rather certain of your job ( s ) , is merely to seek an internist as your first port of call.However, it should be noted that there are still some major infirmaries in Thailand that have household phy sicians or medical practicians.Most physicians in Thailand do non hold one specific topographic point of work.Thai sawboness and doctors have different running(a) agendas at different infirmaries thatA can beA spread over the whole of Bangkok.Because of this, physicians are likely to travel from one infirmary to another to make their unit of ammunitions.Additionally, these physicians may besides hold private clinics.In visible radiation of this, they tend to work really long hours.It is non hard to conceive of the jobs that this could do.For illustration, if you merely had surgery and a job arises, there is the possibility that your sawbones might be executing another surgery in a different infirmary, or he may be at his private clinic.This may ensue in your physician seeking to work out the state of affairs over the phone.Obstacles in medical exigenciesEmergency conveyance installations in Thailand are non yet to the full developed.Large infirmaries in Thailand have mobile intensi ve attention units where you can be hold immediate intervention in exigency state of affairss.However, you will seldom see an ambulance rushing the streets of Bangkok.Although trading accidents are attended to, voluntary organisations are usually the 1s to supply deliverance units.Passers-by will besides help in exigencies.For traffic accidents, you can ever seek aid from the Police Hospital at the Ratchaprasong crossbreeding ( if you are in the country ) .In footings of exigency conveyance, the chief obstruction in medical exigencies is the traffic in Bangkok. unwelcome holds are ineluctable, unless you are in close propinquity to a infirmary.By and large talking, autos do non automatically give manner to reacting ambulances.Therefore, if you have a medical status that may necessitate immediate attending, where possible, remain in a topographic point which is near to a suited infirmary.Having a wellness service that is able to clutch controlled and stable conditions is one thin g, but being capable of covering with exigency processs is another.Unfortunately, Thailand of necessity some major betterments in this respect.Money is of importWhen you are in Thailand, it is of import to hold your medical insurance paperss with you either that or another signifier of payment.In the instance of a infirmary admittance, you will be compulsory to pay up forepart for the interventions.It appears thatA moneyA plays an even larger portion than normal when discoursing the health care system of Thailand.In most European states, jobs like these are usually avoided because the patients have compulsory medical insurance and infirmaries can be confident about acquiring paid.It is recommended that you avail of private wellness insurance when sing Thailand as a topographic point to see or populate.Making Business in ThailandIndia has many chances for making concern with Thailand.Priority countries area? Advanced Engineeringa? agriculturea? Education and preparationa? Environm enta? Food and beveragea? Railwaya? personnela? Motor vehicle and beat back vehicle partsa? Healthcare and Pharmaceutical, Medical Hub is targeted for Thailanda? Petroa? Renewable Energya? Tourism, athleticss and unemployed equipmentHealthcare Sector in ThailandThailand had a population of 69.51 million at the terminal of 2011.Life foretelling is 71 old ages for work forces and 77 old ages for adult females has increased.With a population growing rate of around 0.4 % , Thailand is confronting an maturement society.Proportion of the population over age 60 in 2020 is expected to make 17.51 % .Market OverviewThe entire health care market in 2012 is expected to make U.S. $ 13.13bn, while the pharmaceutical and medical devices market forecast market for U.S. $ 4.1bn U.S. $ 9.36bn.However, some medical equipment produced for domestic ingestion in Thailand, the state imported from overseas, 70 % of medical devices.Due to increasing demand from international and local patients, Thail and s first medical substructure in developed states and at a work out of the cost of similar processs provides the highest possible quality of attention.Thailand is ready to take a serious involvement in this dynamic market this is an exciting concern chance for companies.Key chancesThailand in cardinal and emerging chances for Indian companies in the health care includeMedical equipment and instrumentsSpecialist intervention engineering maturation PopulationStandard CertificationAccident EmergencyE-HealthGeting into the marketMedical equipment and instrumentsThe most popular finishs for medical touristry in Thailand, more than 1,000 public infirmaries and 400 private infirmaries with international criterions are powered on.Turning medical touristry market with a 10-20 % one-year growing in the sector has played an of import function.Both foreign and domestic patients Thai wellness installations continue to spread out due to the increasing demand for wellness intervention.We are besides seeing a new tendency of amalgamations between private infirmaries.Therefore, both private and public infirmaries for medical machinery and equipment, including a turning demand continues to upgrade their installations.Purchase of major medical equipment in public infirmaries, accounting for 60 % of the consumers live.Specialist intervention engineeringDemand for particular intervention in Thailand, non merely because of the figure of foreign patients in Thailand but besides increased health-conscious consumers.Aging PopulationHarmonizing to the analysis of a decease certification, major and increasing cause of decease among Thai citizens of non-communicable diseases, accidents, and HIV / AID.The impact of an maturement population opens up many chances.Due to the increasing aging population, we besides take attention of the aged by both the populace and private sector to see an increasing figure of advanced characteristics.The Thai authorities is cognizant of the aging soci ety and provides support for the aged life.The National Science and Technology Development Projects theatrical performance ( NSTDA ) besides on new engineering in these countries are done by collaborating with international organisations.Standard CertificationAn indispensable tool for pulling foreign patients is an internationally recognized fit out infirmary.Consequently, the Joint Commission International ( JCI ) to better its services to international criterions scheme has gained queen-size private infirmary.However, some private infirmaries to seek other options which allow more tractableness in the execution procedure of the want.Accident EmergencyEmergency Response therapy has progressively become a precedence in Thailand, as the state s natural catastrophes and political agitation in recent old ages experienced a figure.National Institute of Emergency Medical Services Emergency Medical System is to develop international criterions in this country and has played a major fu nction in natural catastrophes.More preparation and guidance every bit good as experts in the country, include the demand for devices that generate chances.E-HealthThailand is one of a turning figure of trendy phones and tablet computer science machines have followed the planetary tendency.Some e wellness undertakings, wellness informations aggregation, wellness position monitoring, etc.In the past a couple of(prenominal) old ages has been the usage of the hand-held device.commercially available from Q1 2013 due to 3G service, local infirmaries, which will let them to function in distant vitamin E are cognizant of the wellness benefits.National Health Information System, tele-medicine, for smart places and independent life, the Thai Government yen Health s National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, with focal point on 3 countries ( NECTEC ) has supported the undertaking launched by.Thailand Health Care IndustryLocal Government Policies and Major Measures to PromoteTh e Thai authorities began strategic programs since 2004 to advance Thailand as a premier medical touristry finish. Since so, the state has enjoyed a big figure of visitants in this class. The Department of Export Promotion and the Department of Health Service Support reported a rapid growing of 16.48 % during 2001-2009 for wellness services bringing to aliensYearNo. of Foreign PatientsEstimate Income( Million Baht )20071,373,807106,64020081,380,000107,41920091,390,000108,197Beginning The Royal Thai Embassy, WashingtonThailand is now widely acclaimed among the international community as the medical hub in Asia, with important advantages including the handiness of modern equipment and fortes, easy entryway, competitory monetary values, and great cordial reception from service operators and forces. These, when coupled with the well-established fact that Thailand is a brilliant tourer finish with calm beaches and mountains, fascinating humanistic disciplines and civilization, nutrient, a musement, and shopping, make Thailand a great medical touristry finish.The policies and schemes to advance Thailand as a medical hub of Asia1 ) . Most healthcare service suppliers peculiarly infirmaries participate in travel marketplaces, travel carnivals, trade carnival, exhibitions, seminars, conferences.2 ) . Using advertizements in travel magazines in states with the back uping from the authorities. With the cooperation from the Ministry of Public Health, Tourism Authority of Thailand ( TAT ) , Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Department of Export Promotion ( DEP ) organized these activities for advancing health care services to international markets.3 ) . Other enlightening stuffs are provided such as booklets, brochures, video-cds, paper bags and jersey with Sons were besides used to make consciousness of the available health care services4 ) . Some healthcare service suppliers build up cooperation with the local institutes, universities, medical schools in other states to set up coaction in instruction, exchange of cognition and preparation every bit good as to advance their option health care services.5 ) . Advertising about medical and nonmedical services in both local and international media are used by healthcare service suppliers. The advertizement has to be based on Thai Torahs and ordinances about how to publicize health care services. Media such as magazines, newspaper ( both in Thai and English ) , telecasting etc. are used to aim local people and exiles who work in Thailand.History of Development advanced(a) medical system in Thailand day of the months back over 100 old ages, during the reigns of King Rama III and King Rama IV when American and British missionaries introduced modern medical fortissimo in Thailand. However, the furtherance of modern medical specialty authentically took a immense measure during reign of King Rama V and began to lift steadily from so on.King Rama V initiated the purpose to establish Siriraj Hospital to suit people s demands for health care. He founded the Royal Medical School that would subsequently put the foundation of modern medical schools. These enterprises led to constitutions of other infirmaries in Bangkok and big metropoliss. His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol of Songkhla was one of the arrive forces that have given Thai modern medical specialty its topographic point among that of developed states.HRH Princess Mahidol of Songkhla received certification in Public Health and subsequently have M.D. semen laude from Harvard University, USA. He became the innovator in the Thai modern medical specialty and has been regarded as the Father of Thailand s Modern Medicine. Even though he passed off at the early age of 38 due to deteriorating wellness, he has greatly contributed in modern medical specialty of Thailand.His stateliness King Bhumibol has granted permission to set up the Prince Mahidol Award as a planetary trophy in award of His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol of Songkhla. The Award is granted to persons or organisations around the universe with gravid work for humanity in the Fieldss of medical specialty and public wellness.During 1950s, many Thai medical physicians graduated or completed their preparation abroad, in the United States in peculiar. In 1970s and 1980s, a big figure of Thai physicians continued their surveies and preparations in the United States. A big figure of medical physicians moved from public infirmaries to work in private infirmaries.At the same clip, many Thai physicians practising or holding medical licences abroad moved back to Thailand to and other states. During this clip, private infirmaries with international accreditation emerged in work in private infirmaries. One of the major drive forces behind the publicity of Thai modern medical specialty is the constitution of the Thai Red Cross Society. During the economic roar of the 1990s in Thailand, as the economic status improved and personal income degree increased, publi c demand for good quality wellness attention besides increased consequently. Leading private infirmaries expanded their capacity to suit such demand. Harmonizing to the Ministry of Public Health of Thailand, the entire figure of infirmaries increased from 422 in 1991 to 491 in 1997, and the figure of beds more than doubled, from 14,927 to 38,275 during the same period.However, when the 1997 fiscal crisis hit, the domestic market was significantly affected. Personal wellness outgos were curtailed as economic status declined. Private infirmaries had to do up for the loss of their domestic patients by switching their focal point outside of Thailand and ask foring patients from abroad.Because of the local coin devaluation, every bit good as the low labour and other factor costs, the entire monetary value of the medical intervention in Thailand was less than half that in the United States, even after adding in the costs of travel and adjustments.In the face of worsening gross, Bumrungra d Hospital in Bangkok brought in a new direction squad from outside the state to pull off its plan for international patients and to take the infirmary out of its fiscal troubles. Under this new direction, Bumrungrad became the first internationally fit infirmary in selenium Asia in 2002 and pioneered the medical touristry concern. Its 50,000 international patients in 1997 had gone up to 350,000 in 2005. In this sense, the success of medical touristry in Thailand was a typical factor-driven phenomenon, where people traveled to obtain medical services with the lowest cost.3. Industry Introduction ( work up Analysis and Development Status )Thailand is one of the best finishs in Asia for health-conscious tourers. The state has been one of the modern-day innovators of Medical Tourism in Asia, with more than a million foreign patients yearly coming to over 956 public and 309 private infirmaries, 7 of which are JCI commissioned ( as of 2010 ) , and 17 of which are in the grapevine.The international patients will hold entree to the rich pool of over 19,000 medical physicians and 100,000 nurses, many of which have undergone preparations in the United States, UK, Germany, Australia, Japan, and other states. It is besides noteworthy that Thailand has been the leader in holistic intervention attacks, including health care, illness bar, interventions, rehabilitative and renewing attention. These attacks have gained greater attending in the western states.Thailand has convenient entree, beautiful tourer finishs, and superior services. Soon, Thailand is able to offer most comprehensive scope of medical interventions to the universe due to many Thai-Physicians have been studied and forte trained as specializer from abroad since 1960.These Physicians moved back to work in Thai private Hospitals and Clinics. So, they are able to freely offer their expertness and specializers to Thai every bit good as alien patients.The most three popular services in medical touristry consis t ofCosmetic and Fictile military operation such as dresser Augmentation ( Augmentation Mammoplasty ) ,Breast Lift ( Mastopexy ) , Nose surgical process ( nose job ) , and Liposuction ( Lipoplasty )Dentistry such as alveolar consonant Bonding, dental Bridges, Dental Crowns, Dental Filling, Dental Implants, and Teeth WhiteningRenaissance mans ramping from Blood Vessel System, Bones, Joint and Tendons, Breast, Cardiology, Diagnostics, and General Surgery